Anti-Fungal

Kasugamycin HCl is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to combat yeast and pathogenic fungi such as M. grisea. It has been isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis. Kasugamycin has been used to prevent and treat M. grisea mycelia formation in rice and against parasitic infections of plants such as leaf spot or apple scab. It is the antibiotic of choice in many infections due to its low phytotoxicity. Additionally, kasugamycin has been used to study ribosome structure and kasugamycin resistance.

Ketoconazole is a broad-spectrum imidazole antifungal effective against a variety of fungal species including Candida species, Blastomyces species, and Histoplasma species. Ketoconazole functions by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis and increasing fungal cell membrane permeability. It is also a CYP3A4 inhibitor used to identify p-glycoprotein/CYP3A-limited bioavailability and to study interleukin 1 chemotherapeutic effects. It has also been used to study drug interactions and to inhibit synthesis of aldosterone, cortisol, and testosterone.

Miconazole Nitrate is an imidazole antifungal targeting fungi responsible for causing tinea, especially Trichophyton species. It is an ergosterol synthesis inhibitor, which ultimately increases cell membrane permeability and causes fungal cell death. Miconazole nitrate inhibits platelet cyclooxygenase and induces reactive oxygen species in fungal biofilms. Additionally, it has been used to study automated luminescence-based cytochrome P450 profiling.

Natamycin is a macrolide polyene antifungal agent isolated from Streptomyces species. It is effective against fungi such as Candida, Aspergillus, Cephalosporium, Fusarium, and Penicillium. Natamycin works by binding ergosterol and preventing carbohydrate and amino acid transport. Unlike other polyene antifungals, natamycin does not prevent ergosterol synthesis or alter cell membrane permeability. Natamycin has been used to study the lipid bilayer and as a fungicidal agent in agar media. It has also been used in research on pleiotropic regulator AdpAch. It is sparingly soluble in aqueous solution.

Nystatin is a fungicidal and fungistatic polyene antifungal targeting Candida species, especially those responsible for vaginal infections. It functions by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis and increasing cell membrane permeability, ultimately leading to fungal cell death. Nystatin has been used in combination with erythromycin and streptomycin in cell culture to eliminate fungal contamination.

Validamycin is a fungicidal, aminoglycoside antibiotic known to inhibit trehalases in plants, insects, and fungi as well as enhance trehalose accumulation in transgenic plants. It is effective against Pellicularia sasakii and Rhizoctonia solani in plants, but only decreases their virulence instead of exhibiting a fungicidal effect. In addition, validamycin is used to control sheath-blight disease in rice and is most effective against soil-borne pathogens. It is used to study trehalase activity and the synthesis of trehalose.