Antibiotics

Penicillin G is a β-lactam antibiotic produced by the Penicillium fungus. It has shown efficacy against a variety of Streptococcus species as well as non-penicillinase producing Staphylococcus species.

Pipemidic acid is a pyridopyrimidine antibiotic with similar properties to quinolone antibiotics. It is used to study damage and mutations in DNA as well as lymphocyte blastogenesis and interferon-gamma production. It can be used as a cell selection agent.

Piperacillin is an extended-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic resistant to many β-lactamases. It is derived from ampicillin and targets gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, piperacillin has been used in studies on optimization of antimicrobial therapy in patients with sepsis and to study piperacillin allergic reactions. It has also been used to study multidrug resistant organisms.

Piperacillin is an extended-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic resistant to many β-lactamases. It is derived from ampicillin and targets gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, piperacillin has been used in studies on optimization of antimicrobial therapy in patients with sepsis and to study piperacillin allergic reactions. It has also been used to study multidrug resistant organisms.

Polymyxin B sulfate is a polypeptide antibiotic mixture of B1, B2, and B3 polymyxins. Each of these fractions vary by a fatty acid group and exhibit marginal MIC differences when compared. Polymyxin B is most effective against gram-negative bacteria. It has been shown to work against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas viridiflava, and Erwinia carotovora. Polymyxin B is freely soluble in aqueous solution.

Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic that causes early chain termination within the ribosome during translation. This inhibition of translation is effective in both in vivo and in vitro applications, making it an ideal tool for protein synthesis studies. While selection for E. coli cells is possible with puromycin, it is more commonly and effectively used for mammalian cell selection.

The growth of bacteria, protozoa, algae and mammalian cells is quickly halted by puromycin. However, cells with the pac gene have resistance. Its gene product is puromycin-N-acetyl-transferase which inactivates puromycin through acetylation.

Research has shown puromycin to be effective against certain tumors.

Pyrazinamide is an anti-tubercular antibiotic. It is also used to study ways to prevent liver toxicity and in the formation of polymeric copper complexes.

Although the mechanism of action of pyrazinamide is not well understood, it is thought that upon entering a target cell, it is converted to pyrazinoic acid or POA. This conversion results in altered cellular permeability and decreased internal pH due to POA accumulation in the cytoplasm. This may inhibit fatty acid synthesis.

Rapamycin is a macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It has been shown to display anticancer activity such as induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis and proliferation in tumor cell lines. Rapamycin is also an immunosuppressant and FRAP inhibitor and inhibits lymphokine-induced cell proliferation.

Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic targeting gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Ribostamycin has been used to in pharmacokinetic studies and to study kidney toxicity. It is also an inhibitor of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI).

Rifampicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic known for its efficacy against tuberculosis and other infections caused by Mycobacterium species. This semisynthetic antibiotic has also been shown to work against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), to activate nuclear pregnane x receptor (PXR), and to promote CYP2C-mediated metabolism.

Rifampicin functions by binding the β-subunit of RNA polymerase, inhibiting RNA synthesis. Resistance to this antibiotic develops from mutations on the binding site on RNA polymerase leading to a lower affinity for rifampicin.

Roxithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and derivative of erythromycin. It targets both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and has shown strong efficacy against Legionella pneumophila and a variety of oral pathogens. Additionally, roxithromycin inhibits the activation of NADPH oxidase and promotes neutrophil apoptosis.

Salinomycin is a coccidiostat ionophore antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces albus. It increases cation movement across cell membranes through exchange-diffusion, resulting in altered gradients due to a lack of control of ion permeability. This effect allows ions (K+, Na+, Ca+, Mg2+) to accumulate inside the cell, reaching toxic levels.

Salinomycin is a coccidiostat ionophore antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces albus. It increases cation movement across cell membranes through exchange-diffusion, resulting in altered gradients due to a lack of control of ion permeability. This effect allows ions (K+, Na+, Ca+, Mg2+) to accumulate inside the cell, reaching toxic levels. Salinomycin sodium is freely soluble in aqueous solution.

Sarafloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic effective against a variety of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sarafloxacin HCl Trihydrate is water soluble.

Sisomicin is a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Micromonospora inyoensis. It is related to gentamicin and targets gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria such as Klebsiella species, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter species, and Proteus species. It has been used in disk and tube dilution sensitivity assays.

Sparfloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic targeting gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as Mycoplasma species. It is especially effective against bacteria responsible for respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia. Sparfloxacin also displays photosensitizing effects.

Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces spectabilis. It is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but most commonly used against Gonococcus species. It has also been used to monitor cell fate during leaf development and as a selection marker in plants to display successful transformation of the Spcr gene.

Spectinomycin functions by binding the 30s ribosomal subunit, inhibiting tRNA translation and protein synthesis. Resistance to this antibiotic is conferred through the aadA gene and mutated rpsE gene.

GoldBio’s antibiotic solutions are provided ready to use.

The Spectinomycin Dihydrochloride Pentahydrate EZ Pak™ is the fastest and easiest way to make a set amount of sterile spectimomycin dihydrochloride solution. The kit includes pre-weighed spectimomycin dihydrochloride powder, a sterile filter and a sterile container for the filtered solution. No need to calculate, simply add the stated amount of deionized H₂O, filter, and pour into the labeled bottle for easy usage. The EZ Pak™ includes high quality GoldBio spectimomycin dihydrochloride and the sterile solution is ready for tissue culture, bacterial media or any number of uses.

Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces spectabilis. It is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but most commonly used against Gonococcus species. It has also been used to monitor cell fate during leaf development and as a selection marker in plants to display successful transformation of the Spcr gene.

Spectinomycin functions by binding the 30s ribosomal subunit, inhibiting tRNA translation and protein synthesis. Resistance to this antibiotic is conferred through the aadA gene and mutated rpsE gene.

Spiramycin is a broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as some Toxoplasma parasites. Spiramycin is a mixture of spiramycin I, II, and III and has been used to study sepsis in mice.