Chemokines

CXCL10 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is expressed in and secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and other cell types after induction by IFN-gamma. It is chemotactic for monocytes and T-cell lymphocytes. CXCL10 plays a role in angiostasis, inhibits bone marrow colony formation, and promotes T-cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Increased expression of CXCL10 and CXCR3 is also associated with autoimmune myasthenia gravis. CXCL10 also exhibits antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is closely related to CXCL9 and CXCL11, all three of which are ligands for CXCLR3.

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CXCL10 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is closely related to CXCL9 and CXCL11, all three of which are ligands for CXCLR3. CXCL10 is expressed in and secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and other cell types after induction by IFNG. CXCL10 is chemotactic for monocytes and T-cell lymphocytes. It plays a role in angiostasis, inhibits bone marrow colony formation, and promotes T-cell adhesion to endothelial cells. CXCL10 also exhibits antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Knock-out mice have immune system abnormalities, including defective proliferation of T–cells, resulting in increased susceptibility to autoimmune disease and viral infections. Increased expression of CXCL10 and CXCR3 is associated with autoimmune myasthenia gravis.

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Rat CXCL10 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is expressed in and secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and other cell types transiently after induction by IFNG or constitutively after induction by oncogenic Ras. It is chemotactic for monocytes and T-cell lymphocytes. CXCL10 plays a role in angiostasis, inhibits bone marrow colony formation, and promotes T-cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Knock-out mice have immune system abnormalities, including defective proliferation of T–cells, resulting in increased susceptibility to autoimmune disease and viral infections. It is closely related to CXCL9 and CXCL11, all three of which are ligands for CXCLR3. Increased expression of CXCL10 and CXCR3 is associated with autoimmune myasthenia gravis.

CXCL10 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is expressed in and secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and other cell types after induction by interferon gamma and may be an important mediator of inflammatory response to interferons. It is chemotactic for monocytes and T-cell lymphocytes. CXCL10 plays a role in angiostasis, inhibits bone marrow colony formation, and promotes T-cell adhesion to endothelial cells. CXCL10 also exhibits antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is closely related to CXCL9 and CXCL11, all three of which are ligands for CXCLR3.

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CXCL11 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, in pancreas and liver, as well as in several other tissues at lower levels. CXCL11 is strongly induced by interferon gamma and is closely related to CXCL9 and CXCL10, but has a higher affinity for CXCR3. CXCL11 also acts as a ligand for CXCR7. It is chemotactic for activated T-cells and plays a role in angiostasis, as well as CNS diseases that involve T-cell recruitment. CXCL11 also exhibits antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It was first found in bone marrow stromal cells and is expressed in a wide variety of cells with the exception blood cells. CXCL12 acts as a ligand for CXCR4. It is chemotactic for human hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing CD34, mononuclear cells, and cerebellar granule cells. CXCL12 plays a role in lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract, and cerebellar development. CXCL12-alpha is one of six alternatively spliced isoforms of the CXCL12 gene. It is four amino acids shorter at the C-terminus than the canonical sequence, CXCL12-beta.

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CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It was first found in bone marrow stromal cells and is expressed in bone marrow stromal cells constitutively, as well as a wide variety of other cells with the exception of blood cells. CXCL12 acts as a ligand for CXCR4 and CXCR7. It is chemotactic for hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing CD34, mononuclear cells, and cerebellar granule cells. CXCL12 plays a role in lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract, and cerebellar development. CXCL12-alpha is one of six alternatively spliced isoforms of the CXCL12 gene. It is four amino acids shorter at the C-terminus than the canonical sequence, CXCL12-beta.

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Rat CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It was first found in bone marrow stromal cells and is expressed in bone marrow stromal cells constitutively as well as a wide variety of cells with the exception of blood cells. Expression of CXCL12 is downregulated in fibroblasts by the phorbol ester TPA and in serum-deprived fibroblasts that have been stimulated by serum. CXCL12 acts as a ligand for CXCR4 and CXCR7. It is chemotactic for hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing CD34, mononuclear cells, and cerebellar granule cells. CXCL12 plays a role in lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract, and cerebellar development. CXCL12-alpha is one of six alternatively spliced isoforms of the CXCL12 gene. It is four amino acids shorter at the C-terminus than the canonical sequence, CXCL12-beta.

CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It was first found in bone marrow stromal cells and is expressed in a wide variety of cells with the exception blood cells. CXCL12 acts as a ligand for CXCR4. It is chemotactic for human hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing CD34, mononuclear cells, and cerebellar granule cells. CXCL12 plays a role in lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract, and cerebellar development. CXCL12-beta is one of six alternatively spliced isoforms of the CXCL12 gene and is used as the canonical sequence.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It was first found in bone marrow stromal cells and is expressed in bone marrow stromal cells constitutively as well as a wide variety of cells with the exception of blood cells. CXCL12 acts as a ligand for CXCR4. It is chemotactic for hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing CD34, mononuclear cells, and cerebellar granule cells. CXCL12 plays a role in lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract, and cerebellar development. CXCL12-beta is one of six alternatively spliced isoforms of the CXCL12 gene and is used as the canonical sequence.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

Rat CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It was first found in bone marrow stromal cells and is expressed in bone marrow stromal cells constitutively as well as a wide variety of cells with the exception of blood cells. Expression of CXCL12 is downregulated in fibroblasts by the phorbol ester TPA and in serum-deprived fibroblasts that have been stimulated by serum. CXCL12 acts as a ligand for CXCR4. It is chemotactic for hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing CD34, mononuclear cells, and cerebellar granule cells. CXCL12 plays a role in lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract, and cerebellar development. CXCL12-beta is one of six alternatively spliced isoforms of the CXCL12 gene and is used as the canonical sequence.

CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. CXCL12-gamma is mainly expressed in the heart, with weak expression being observed in several other tissues. CXCL12 acts as a ligand for CXCR4. It is chemotactic for human hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing CD34, mononuclear cells, and cerebellar granule cells. CXCL12 plays a role in lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract, and cerebellar development. The mature form of CXCL12-gamma is targeted to the nucleolus of the cell. CXCL12-gamma is one of six alternatively spliced isoforms of the CXCL12 gene which all differ at the C-terminus.

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CXCL13 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is expressed highest in liver tissue, followed by spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, and stomach. It is a ligand for CXCR5 and is selectively chemotactic for B lymphocytes. CXCL13 plays an essential role in the development of lymph nodes and the organization of B cells within lymphoid follicles, but its expression is downregulated within lymphoid tissues by IFN-gamma during immune responses. CXCL13 induces B cells to upregulate lymphotoxin alpha-1-beta-2, leading to CXCL13 expression and creating a positive feedback loop essential for follicular dendritic cell development and homeostasis.

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Murine CXCL14 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is expressed constitutively in many normal tissues, including brain, lung, ovaries, kidneys, and muscle. CXCL14 is chemotactic for monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, activated NK cells, and B cells. It possesses tumor suppressing function in certain cancers possibly due to migrations of NK cells, inhibition of angiogenesis, and a reduction of settlement rate of tumor cells. However in contradiction, CXCL14 can induce tumor growth in other types of cancers. The effect on tumorigenesis may be changed through epigenetic silencing. CXCL14 is a natural antagonist for CXCR4 and inhibits CXCL12.

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Rat CXCL14 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is expressed constitutively in many normal tissues, including brain, lung, ovaries, kidneys, and muscle. CXCL14 is chemotactic for monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, activated NK cells, and B cells. It possesses tumor suppressing function in certain cancers possibly due to migrations of NK cells, inhibition of angiogenesis, and reduction of settlement rate of tumor cells. However in contradiction, it can induce tumor growth in other types of cancers. CXCL14 is a natural antagonist for CXCR4 and inhibits CXCL12.

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CXCL17 is a CXC chemokine appearing to lack the ELR motif, yet functioning as a chemokine that does contain the ELR motif as it plays a role in angiogenesis and is chemotactic for neutrophils. It also plays a role in regulation of mucosal inflammatory responses and is chemotactic for macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and immature myeloid-derived cells. CXCL17 is coregulated with VEGF and may play a role in regulating tumorigenesis through angiogenesis. CXCL17 expression has been observed in several tissues, but appears to be restricted to mucosal sites such as the digestive system, lung airways, the urethra, and different sites of the female reproductive system. CXCL17 is a ligand for the receptor GPR35.

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Rat CXCL17 is a CXC chemokine appearing to lack the ELR motif, yet functioning as a chemokine that does contain the ELR motif as it plays a role in angiogenesis and is chemotactic for neutrophils. It also plays a role in regulation of mucosal inflammatory responses and is chemotactic for macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, and immature myeloid-derived cells. CXCL17 expression has been observed in several tissues, but appears to be restricted to mucosal sites such as the digestive system, lung airways, the urethra, and different sites of the female reproductive system. CXCL17 is a ligand for the receptor GPR35.

CXCL2 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and expressed in a variety of other cells. CXCL2 participates in chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. It plays a role in would healing, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and pathogenesis of airway remodeling in asthma. CXCL2 exhibits antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. CXCR2 is the receptor that CXCL2 binds. The amino acid sequence of CXCL2 is significantly homologous to that of CXCL1.

CXCL2 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and expressed in a variety of other cells. Expression of CXCL2 is induced by IL1, TNF, and LPS. CXCL2 participates in chemotaxis of neutrophils, basophils, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and hematopoietic stem cells. It plays a role in wound healing, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and pathogenesis of airway remodeling in asthma. CXCL2 exhibits antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. CXCR2 is the receptor that CXCL2 binds. CXCL2 shares significant sequence amino acid homology with CXCL1.

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