Chemokines

Rat CXCL2 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and expressed in a variety of other cells. Expression of CXCL2 is induced by IL1, TNF, and LPS. CXCL2 participates in chemotaxis of neutrophils, basophils, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and hematopoietic stem cells. It plays a role in would healing, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and pathogenesis of airway remodeling in asthma. CXCL2 exhibits antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. CXCL2 is a ligand for CXCR2. CXCL2 shares significant amino acid sequence homology with CXCL1.

CXCL3 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and expressed in a variety of other cells. CXCL3 participates in chemotaxis and cell activation of neutrophils. CXCL3 is a ligand for CXCR2. It plays a role in would healing, inflammation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and pathogenesis of airway remodeling in asthma. CXCL3 has an effect on the differentiation and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells, pushing them towards a myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-like phenotype. CXCL3 exhibits antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.

CXCL3 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and expressed in a variety of other cells. CXCR2 is the receptor that CXCL3 binds. CXCL3 participates in chemotaxis and cell activation of neutrophils. It plays a role in would healing, inflammation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and pathogenesis of airway remodeling in asthma. CXCL3 has an effect on the differentiation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, pushing them towards a myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-like phenotype. CXCL3 exhibits antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.

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Rat CXCL3 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and expressed in a variety of other cells. As a result of alternative splicing, there are two isoforms of rat CXCL3 that differ from each other by three amino acid residues. This recombinant rat CXCL3 is the canonical sequence often referred to as CXCL3A or CINC2A. CXCR2 is the receptor that CXCL3 binds. CXCL3 participates in chemotaxis and cell activation of neutrophils. It plays a role in would healing, inflammation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and pathogenesis of airway remodeling in asthma. CXCL3 has an effect on the differentiation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, pushing them towards a myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-like phenotype.

Rat CXCL3 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and expressed in a variety of other cells. As a result of alternative splicing, there are two isoforms of rat CXCL3 that differ from each other by three amino acid residues. This recombinant rat CXCL3 isoform is often referred to as CXCL3B or CINC2B. CXCR2 is the receptor that CXCL3 binds. CXCL3 participates in chemotaxis and cell activation of neutrophils. It plays a role in would healing, inflammation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and pathogenesis of airway remodeling in asthma. CXCL3 has an effect on the differentiation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, pushing them towards a myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-like phenotype.

CXCL5 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is expressed in various epithelial cell lines alongside CXCL8 (IL8) and CXCL1 in response to stimulation by IL1 or TNF-alpha. It is down regulated by IFN-gamma. Like many CXC chemokines, CXCL5 is a ligand for CXCR2. It is a chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils, and plays a role in angiogenesis and inflammation, as well as the metastasis of various cancers. It also blocks insulin signaling by activating the JAK2/STAT5/SOCS2 pathway.

Murine CXCL5 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is expressed in various epithelial cell lines alongside CXCL8 (IL8) and CXCL1 in response to stimulation by IL1 or TNF-alpha. It is downregulated by IFNG. CXCL5 is a ligand for CXCR2 and CXCR1. It is a chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils, and plays a role in angiogenesis and inflammation, as well as the metastasis of various cancers. It also blocks insulin signaling by activating the JAK2/STAT5/SOCS2 pathway. Murine CXCL5 is an ortholog of human CXCL6 and is a more potent chemoattractant than human CXCL5 or CXCL6 on human neutrophils. The truncated forms of CXCL5 have been reported as being much more potent than the full length polypeptide.

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CXCL5 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is expressed in various epithelial cell lines alongside CXCL8 (IL8) and CXCL1 in response to stimulation by IL1 or TNF-alpha. It is down regulated by IFN-gamma. Like many CXC chemokines, CXCL5 is a ligand for CXCR2. It is a chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils, and plays a role in angiogenesis and inflammation, as well as the metastasis of various cancers. It also blocks insulin signaling by activating the JAK2/STAT5/SOCS2 pathway. The truncated form of CXCL5 (8-78 a.a.) has been reported as being 3-fold more potent than the full length protein (1-78 a.a.).

Murine CXCL5 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is expressed in various epithelial cell lines alongside CXCL8 (IL8) and CXCL1 in response to stimulation by IL1 or TNF-alpha. It is downregulated by IFNG. Murine CXCL5 is a ligand for Murine CXCR2 and CXCR1. It is a chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils, and plays a role in angiogenesis and inflammation, as well as the metastasis of various cancers. It also blocks insulin signaling by activating the JAK2/STAT5/SOCS2 pathway. Murine CXCL5 is an ortholog of human CXCL6 and is a more potent chemoattractant than human CXCL5 or CXCL6 on human neutrophils.

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Rat CXCL6 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is expressed in various epithelial cell lines alongside CXCL8 (IL8) and CXCL1 in response to stimulation by IL1 or TNF-alpha. It is down regulated by IFNG. Rat CXCL6 is a ligand for Rat CXCR1. It is a chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils, and plays a role in angiogenesis and inflammation, as well as the metastasis of various cancers. It also blocks insulin signaling by activating the JAK2/STAT5/SOCS2 pathway. Rat CXCL6 has also been referred to as rat CXCL5 and is an ortholog of human CXCL5 and CXCL6, as well as murine CXCL5.

CXCL9 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is expressed in and secreted by macrophages, epithelial cells, and other cell types after induction by IFN-gamma. It is chemotactic for stimulated T-cell lymphocytes and plays a role in T-cell activation, angiostasis, inhibition of neovascularization, and inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor cells. CXCL9 is most closely related to CXCL10 and CXCL11, all three of which are ligands for CXCLR3.

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Murine CXCL9 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is expressed in and secreted by macrophages, epithelial cells, and other cell types after induction by IFNG. It is chemotactic for stimulated T lymphocytes and plays a role in angiostasis, inhibition of neovascularization, inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor cells, and T-cell activation. CXCL9 is most closely related to CXCL10 and CXCL11, all three of which are ligands for CXCLR3. CXCL9 exhibits antimicrobial activity and even after degradation by speB from S. pyogenes, it retains such activity.

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FAM19A2 (TAFA-2) is chemokine-like protein containing ten cysteine residues that are conserved amongst the FAM19A (TAFA) family. This family of proteins was first identified by using a clustering algorithm on uncharacterized cDNA sequences and found to be distantly related to C-C motif chemokines, such as CCL3. FAM19A2 is expressed predominantly in the CNS, with very low expression levels detected in colon and spleen. Expression levels of FAM19A2 are highest in the occipital and frontal cortex and it is believed to be expressed constitutively. FAM19A2 is hypothesized to function as a brain-specific chemokine that regulates immune response in the CNS, as a neurokine that modulates immune response, or as a control of axonal sprouting following brain injury.

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Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) is a non-ELR type of CXC chemokine. PF4 is expressed primarily in megakaryocytes and platelets, but it is also seen in a variety of other cells as well. It is released from alpha granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation and binds to heparin with high affinity, neutralizing the anticoagulant effect of heparin. Because of this coagulation-promoting activity, it is concluded that PF4 is involved in inflammation and would healing. PF4 binds to the integral membrane protein receptor CXCR3B, an alternatively spliced isoform of CXCR3. It participates in chemotaxis of neutrophils, fibroblasts, and monocytes.

Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) is a non-ELR type of CXC chemokine. PF4 is expressed primarily in megakaryocytes and platelets, but it is also seen in a variety of other cells as well. It is released from alpha granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation and binds to heparin with high affinity, neutralizing the anticoagulant effect of heparin. Knock-out mice exhibit increased platelets counts and reduced thrombus formation following vascular injury. PF4 binds to the integral membrane protein receptor CXCR3B, an alternatively spliced isoform of CXCR3. PF4 participates in chemotaxis of neutrophils, fibroblasts, and monocytes.

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PPBP is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. This recombinant protein is a mature, proteolytically processed form of PPBP containing 70 amino acids that is also known as NAP2. It is expressed in human monocytes after treatment with bacterial endotoxins and released from the alpha-granules of platelets after their activation. NAP2 is chemotactic for fibroblasts and neutrophils. It is involved in a variety of cellular processes including mitogenesis, DNA synthesis, extracellular matrix synthesis, glycolysis, and plasminogen activator synthesis.

Rat PPBP is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. This recombinant protein is a mature, proteolytically processed form of PPBP that is also known as NAP2. It is expressed in monocytes and macrophages, especially from the lungs, after treatment with bacterial endotoxins and released from the alpha-granules of platelets after their activation. NAP2 is chemotactic for fibroblasts and neutrophils and binds to the receptor CXCR2. It is involved in a variety of cellular processes including mitogenesis, DNA synthesis, extracellular matrix synthesis, glycolysis, and plasminogen activator synthesis.

XCL1 is a chemokine lacking the first and third conserved cysteine residues usually found in chemokines. It is expressed in thymic and peripheral blood CD8+ T-cells and in natural killer cells. Highest levels of expression are seen in spleen, thymus, small intestine, and peripheral blood leukocytes. XCL1 is chemotactic for natural killer cells and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. It assumes two distinct conformations, one of which has been shown to inhibit HIV-1 isolates. XCL1 is a ligand for XCR1 as well as the virus-encoded viroreceptor M3.

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