Pharmaceutical Intermediates

Benzamidine hydrochloride monohydrate is an aromatic amidine. It is used in protein extractions as a strong reversible inhibitor of serine proteases such as trypsin, thrombin, plasmin and other trypsin-like proteases. Compared to aprotinin, benzamidine is considered to be just as effective in preventing the degradation of glucogon.

Bergapten or 5-Methoxypsoralen is a linear 5-methoxyfurocoumarin with photosensitizing effects occurring as a natural metabolite in plants like anise and celery. Concentrated amounts are found in bergamot and other citrus essential oils, causing phototoxicity. Its photochemical properties have led to application as a photonic material, heptatoprotective agent and skin pharmaceutical. It manifests as a crystalline solid and is stable, combustible and incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

Bergapten has been studied as an antitumor agent in cancer research. In combination with UV light irradiation, Bergapten has been used to manage diseases like psoriasis and vitiligo and can also inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation. As a selective potassium-channel blocker, it reduces K-permeability at nodes of Ranvier, possibly producing fasciculation and cramps. Exposure to the corrosive chemical has demonstrated negative effects on health including erythema, dermatitis, hyperpigmentation and epitheliomas.

Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt is an electrolyte used in lithium batteries with high conductivity. Additionally, it has been used as an ionic liquid to prepare gel polymer electrolytes and to prepare a chiral imidazolium salt.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is the active component of propolis, a honeybee hive product. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is a specific inhibitor of the nuclear transcription factor, NF-κB. CAPE has been shown to significantly suppress the Lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism during inflammation. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibits HIV-1 integrase, and also inhibits proliferation of transformed cells. It induces apoptosis in transformed fibroblasts, and interferes with EGF signal transduction affecting both protein kinase C and Ornithine Decarboxylase activity.

Caffeic Acid is an inhibitor of leukotriene synthesis and a natural dietary compound and antioxidant. It is also an inhibitor of LDL oxidation and 5-lipoxygenase.

D-Cellobiose is used to differentiate bacteria based on carbohydrate fermentation abilities. It is a β-glucosidase substrate.

D-Fructose 6-phosphate, disodium salt dihydrate is a glycolytic intermediate produced upon isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate. It may be used to characterize enzymes of the glycolytic pathway and differentiate between them.

D-Galactose is a monosaccharide sugar that serves as an energy source and glycosylation component. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose and often used as a source of carbon in culture media. Galactose is a component of the disaccharide lactose and released upon hydrolysis by β-galactosidase enzymes. It is converted to glucose via the Leloir pathway or metabolized via an alternative pathway, such as the DeLey-Doudoroff pathway.

D-Glucose 6-phosphate, monosodium salt is common in cells as the vast majority of glucose entering cells becomes phosphorylated in this way. This compound lies at the start of glycolysis and the pentose 6-phosphate pathway. It can be stored as glycogen during conditions of high glucose levels and has been shown to be an energy source for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

D-Glucuronic acid is a basic building block of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. It is a precursor to vitamin C, the chief detoxifying agent in plants and animals.

D-Glucuronolactone is a glucuronic acid derivative that is converted to L-ascorbic acid in animals and humans. It is studied for its effectiveness against canine hepatitis.

D-Mannoheptulose is a natural, seven-carbon monosaccharide found in avocado fruits. It behaves as a competitive inhibitor of hexokinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses such as glucose. The inhibition of hexokinase leads to the prevention of glycolysis.

Extensive research has reported that using D-mannoheptulose to interfere with hexokinases ultimately inhibits the synthesis and release of insulin. This has had a significant impact on studies involving diabetes and anti-aging.

D-Mannose is an aldohexose carbohydrate used to study the effects of mannose on processes such as glycosylation. It can also be used as an alternative biological energy source. D-mannose has been used to study bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation

D-Melezitose hydrate is a carbon substrate used to analyze identification of indole-positive and indole-negative Klebsiella species. It is also used to study epidemiologic markers of Klebsiella oxytoca strains.

Raffinose is a natural trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose and fructose. It primarily serves as a carbon source for yeast as well as being an important component in some cryopreservation solutions.

Additionally, it is known to improve digestion and increase the absorption of calcium.

Raffinose is naturally found in a variety of vegetables and grains, and is hydrolyzed by α-gal.

D-Ribose is an aldopentose monosaccharide. It is phosphorylated into D-ribose 5-phosphate by ribokinase and then supports the synthesis of tryptophan and histidine. Additionally, D-ribose 5-phosphate is part of the pentose phosphate pathway. D-Ribose may be used as a cell culture media supplement.

D-Salicin is a an inhibitor of COX and a substrate for β-glucosidase.

Dehydroascorbic acid or oxidized vitamin C has dietary and cosmetic applications. It is actively brought into the endoplasmic reticulum of cells through glucose transport and generates oxidative potential. Dehydroascorbic acid is the oxidized form of vitamin C.

Deoxyribonucleic acid, sodium salt from Salmon Sperm is a nonspecific DNA blocking agent used to reduce background in nucleic acid hybridization. Additionally, it has been used to develop a method used to extract DNA from Cryptosporidium oocysts. It may be used as a substrate for the development of DNA detection methods.

Dequalinium chloride is a quinolinium ion composed of symmetrical quaternary quinolinium units, one 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group on each end of the molecule in place of a methyl hydrogen. It is a quaternary ammonium cation and forms an organic chloride salt. Its biological roles include antifungal agent and inhibitor of mitochondrial NADH ubiquione reductase. Medically, dequalinium chloride is the active ingredient of pharmaceuticals against bacterial infections and malaria; it has been applied as an antifungal, antinematadol and antiseptic drug.