P-aminophenyl phosphate (pAPP) can be used as a substrate for alkaline phosphatase enzymatic reactions in order to electrochemically quantify ALP activity.

The enzymatic reaction results in the production of phenol, which can be quantified and used to analyze ALP concentrations.

ALP is a naturally occurring enzyme and can be found in human tissue in the liver, bone and intestines. Usual concentrations of ALP range between 25-100 IU/L. A significant spike outside of that range could act as a signal for many diseases.

4-Aminophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside is a substrate for β-galactosidase. It is also a weak β-D-galactosidase inducer and can be used in affinity chromatography for isolation of galactose-binding. The 4-aminophenyl releases upon cleavage by β-galactosidase. It can then be assayed by electro-oxidation to 4-imino quinone while recording changes in the potential or current galvanic system.

X-butyrate can be used as a substrate for carboxyl esterase, yielding a blue precipitate upon cleavage.

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl octanoate; X-caprylate

A chromogenic substrate for β-D-Cellobiosidase, yielding a blue precipitate.

MagentaTM-butyrate

5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indoxyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside;MagentaTM-β-D-GlcNAc

Acalabrutinib (ACP-196) is an irreversible inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), which is responsible for the maturation of B-cells. Its high selectivity to bind the residue Cys481 in the active site of BTK is a sought after feature for oncology research. Studies on mice and human cells demonstrate the high affinity of ACP-196 and its low affinity toward similar proteins in T-cell maturation.

Acycloguanosine is a guanosine analogue that is synthetically formed. It is markedly effective against the herpesvirus family, especially HSV (herpes simplex viruses) types one and two. Lab results have shown susceptibility to acycloguanosine which varies with the analogue’s concentration, respective to each virus.

Acycloguanosine functions as a HSV DNA polymerase inhibitor by integrating into the viral DNA, terminating polymerization. Integration occurs after being catalyzed by viral thymidine kinase into acyclovir triphosphate (Acyclo-GTP). Acycloguanosine is ineffective against non-viral genetic material, due to the lack of an appropriate thymidine kinase.

Baicalin is a flavone glycoside formed from the glucuronidation of baicalein. It has an array of properties which include promoting cell survival and bolstering the immune system. One of the effects that baicalin produced with in vitro studies of pathogens and in vivo studies on rats and mice was an elevation in cell survival, which implied the prevention of cell death due to induced apoptosis or the accumulation of oxidative species. Apoptotic repression occurred in rats due to a decreased expression of proteins within the CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein) pathway. Stimulating the synthesis of endothelial nitrogen oxides (eNOS) and other nitrogen oxides quell oxidative stress with the termination of free radicals.

Additionally, protective effects of baicalin have specifically diminished injury in the hippocampal area. Baicalin has been shown to stimulate the expression of Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) which regulates apoptosis. It has also been shown to decrease miR-497 expression and cleave caspase-3 protein synthesis. These play roles in regulating gene expression and nervous system cell apoptosis respectively.

Enhancing the immune response with baicalin has proven effective in two ways. One observed effect was the induction of IFN-γ cytokine production in mice, a cytokine which activates macrophages and MHC II (major histocompatibility complex II) expression. Lysozyme bacteriostatic duration was shown to increase when exposed to increasing concentrations of baicalin.