Sodium orthovanadate is a general competitive inhibitor of tyrosine specific phosphatases, acid and alkaline phosphatases and ATPases. Phosphatase inhibition from Vanadate may be completely reversed by dilution or by the addition of EDTA.

GoldBio’s Activated Sodium Orthovanadate is made following the procedure of Gordon (1991)1. Activation depolymerizes the vanadate, converting it to a more potent inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Vanadate is commonly used to preserve phosphorylation stated in cells, cell lysates, and protein tyrosine kinase assays.

DL-ethionine changes behavior of hepatic functions by working as a carcinogenic agent that induces cholangiocarcinogensis in vivo and can be used to induce oxidative stress on the liver to measure antioxidant enzymatic activity. In the pancreas it destroys acinar cells and eventually induces pancreatitis in rats. DL-ethionine also inhibits incorporation of amino acids, like methionine and glycine, into rat protein in vivo and interferes with the use of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells.

E-64 (trans-Epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido(4-guanidino)butane) irreversibly inhibits cysteine proteases without affecting other enzymes that contain cysteine residues. E-64 is capable of inhibiting bromelain, trypsin, papain, staphopain, calpain, collagenase, ficain, cathepsin B, H and L. Inhibition of serine proteases is not seen with E-64, excepting trypsin.

E-64 is usually used in a concentration range of 1 to 10μM. It is widely used for in vivo studies due to its cell permeability, low toxicity, and potency. E-64 is being investigated for the treatment of diseases caused by cysteine protease activity. It has been observed to inhibit programmed cell death and restore antigen and mitogen activity related to normal proliferative responses in T cells obtained from HIV+ donors.

Sodium orthovanadate is a general competitive inhibitor of tyrosine specific phosphatases, acid and alkaline phosphatases and ATPases. Phosphatase inhibition from Vanadate may be completely reversed by dilution or by the addition of EDTA.