Abscisic Acid is a naturally occuring plant hormone involved in plant growth and stress response. It is produced partially via the mevalonic pathway in chloroplasts and other plastids. The production of ABA is accentuated by stress, including water loss or freezing temperatures. The activation of ABA can occur by one of two methods: 1) an ABA-glucose ester can form by attachment of glucose to ABA, or 2) the oxidation of ABA can occur to form phaseic acid and dihyhdrophaseic acid.

The transport of ABA can occur in both xylem and phloem tissues, and it can also be translocated through paranchyma cells. Some functions of ABA include stimulating the closure of stomata, Inhibition of shoot growth, induction of seeds to synthesize storage proteins, inhibition of the effect of gibberellins and the induction of gene transcription in response to wounding (especially for proteinase inhibitors).

Acalabrutinib (ACP-196) is an irreversible inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK), which is responsible for the maturation of B-cells. Its high selectivity to bind the residue Cys481 in the active site of BTK is a sought after feature for oncology research. Studies on mice and human cells demonstrate the high affinity of ACP-196 and its low affinity toward similar proteins in T-cell maturation.

ACES is a zwitterionic buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was first selected and described by Good et al. It is an acetamido buffer that is useful for a pH range of 6.1 – 7.5. ACES is used as buffering component in cell culture media, in both agarose and polyacrylamide electrophoresis, and in isoelectric focusing of proteins. ACES forms a complex with most common metals and formation constants should be taken into account when using this buffer in a solution containing metal ions. ACES absorbs UV light at 230 nm.

Acetylcholine is a derivative of choline that is commonly found as a neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine binds and activates receptors on cell surfaces in both skeletal muscles and the central nervous system. It is broken down by acetylcholinesterase and can be used to detect the mutation of these enzymes, and is synthesized from choline and acetyl-CoA via choline acetyltransferase.

FGF1 is a member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor family of proteins. Also called FGF-acidic or aFGF, FGF1 lacks signal peptides and is believed to be secreted by a nonclassical mechanism. It has been detected in large amounts in the brain and is expressed in hepatocyte cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, CNS neurons, skeletal muscle cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, intestinal columnar epithelial cells, and pituitary basophils and acidophils. FGF1 exhibits considerable species cross-reactivity and stimulates the proliferation of cells of mesodermal origin, as well as many cells of neuroectodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal origin. It is most closely associated with FGF2 (bFGF) (see additional information).

FGF1 is a member of the Fibroblast Growth Factor family of proteins. Also called FGF-acidic or aFGF, FGF1 lacks signal peptides and is believed to be secreted by a nonclassical mechanism. It has been detected in large amounts in the brain and is expressed in hepatocyte cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, CNS neurons, skeletal muscle cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, intestinal columnar epithelial cells and pituitary basophils and acidophils. FGF1 exhibits considerable species cross-reactivity and stimulates the proliferation of cells of mesodermal origin as well as many cells of neuroectodermal, ectodermal, and endodermal origin. It is most closely associated with FGF2 (bFGF) (see additional information).

Acriflavine HCl is a compound predominantly used in cellular biology for fluorescence staining. It intercalates between the base pairs of DNA and RNA. Among the acridine dyes, acriflavine has the highest affinity for DNA. Acriflavine stains eukaryotic cells exceptionally well in humic substance environments. It provides a robust experimental consistency and reduces the effect of minor experimental errors. The binding of acriflavine to DNA can be observed from a characteristic red shift in an absorption spectrum. While having a high affinity for DNA, acriflavine is limited to euchromatin for both DNA and RNA.

Acriflavine has also been found to inhibit heterodimeric transcription factors, specifically called hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Studying the hyperactivity of HIFs has become a popular in oncology research, where chemicals like acriflavine are used to disrupt HIF activity of malignant cells. HIFs are activated in hypoxic conditions and promote angiogenesis to alleviate stress. They are normally regulated through proline and asparagine hydroxylation. Acriflavine halts HIF activity, specifically by binding to a subdomain of HIF-1α and HIF-2α.

Actinomycin D is an antineoplastic antibiotic from Streptomyces species that inhibits cell proliferation by acting as a cytotoxic inducer of apoptosis against tumor cells, binding to DNA and inhibiting RNA polymerase activity. Actinomycin is also used in plant tissue culture to inhibit plant growth through tissue deformation where it also acts as an RNA-synthesis inhibitor. Along with its fluorescent derivative, 7aminoactinomycinD (7-AAD), Actinomycin is used to stain GC-rich regions of DNA for microscopy and flow cytometry applications.

Sodium orthovanadate is a general competitive inhibitor of tyrosine specific phosphatases, acid and alkaline phosphatases and ATPases. Phosphatase inhibition from Vanadate may be completely reversed by dilution or by the addition of EDTA.

GoldBio’s Activated Sodium Orthovanadate is made following the procedure of Gordon (1991)1. Activation depolymerizes the vanadate, converting it to a more potent inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Vanadate is commonly used to preserve phosphorylation stated in cells, cell lysates, and protein tyrosine kinase assays.

Acycloguanosine is a guanosine analogue that is synthetically formed. It is markedly effective against the herpesvirus family, especially HSV (herpes simplex viruses) types one and two. Lab results have shown susceptibility to acycloguanosine which varies with the analogue’s concentration, respective to each virus.

Acycloguanosine functions as a HSV DNA polymerase inhibitor by integrating into the viral DNA, terminating polymerization. Integration occurs after being catalyzed by viral thymidine kinase into acyclovir triphosphate (Acyclo-GTP). Acycloguanosine is ineffective against non-viral genetic material, due to the lack of an appropriate thymidine kinase.

ADA is a zwitterionic buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was first selected and described by Good et al. It is an acetamido buffer that is useful for a pH range of 6.0 – 7.2. ADA forms a complex with most common metals and stability constants should be taken into account when using this buffer. It has been used as a complexing agent to effectively help remove contaminant metals from soil. ADA absorbs UV light between 0.1 and 260 nm. Solubility of ADA increases if the free acid is converted to the sodium salt with NaOH.