Chicoric acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid that occurs in a variety of plants such as Cichorium intybus and Echinacea purpurea. It has been used as an anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and an insulin enhancer.

Chicoric acid has specifically been used as an inhibitor of integrase enzymes in human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV1). Inhibition of this enzyme prevents viral genetic material from being incorporated into host DNA. It specifically shows activity towards HIV1 and not HIV2.

Chicoric acid presence for in vivo and in vitro studies have shown a stimulation in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression. The upregulation in AMPK expression results in the observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and insulin enhancing effects. Anti-oxidizing protein synthesis has been increased through AMPK stimulation. AMPK has also been shown to diminish inflammatory responses by increasing interleukin 10 synthesis (IL10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Chicoric acid stimulation of AMPK inhibits glucose-6-phosphate formation, promoting glucose utilization. The release of insulin by pancreatic β-islet cells has been correlated with direct stimulation by chicoric acid.

Cytochrome C is a hemoprotein that is found in animal cells in the mitochondrial protein-lipid complex. Cytochrome C is extracted from porcine heart, and further purified by chromatographic method to remove contaminating proteases.

Cytochrome C is an important component in the electron transport chain of the mitochondria. Cytochrome C also plays a role in cellular oxidation and respiration.

This protein has a role in apoptosis pathways, as it is released from the mitochondria to indicate that the apoptosis process has begun.

Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) is a moisture sensitive product that will readily decompose to ethanol and carbon dioxide in aqueous solution. DEPC can inhibit ryanodine binding to the ryanodine/Ca2+ receptor channel in a dose-and time-dependent manner, or work as a nuclease inhibitor. DEPC is often used to treat water used in the handling of RNA to remove RNases and reduce the risk of the RNA being degraded.

DL-Glyceraldehyde is a substrate for the enzyme aldose reductase.

DL-Glyceraldehyde is a substrate for the enzyme aldose reductase.

DL-Homocysteic acid is a glutamic acid analog and a receptor agonist of NMDA. It disrupts calcium homeostasis and induces degeneration of spinal motor neurons, and has a cytotoxic effect on the central nervous system. DL-Homocysteic acid also induces oxidative stress in brain tissues and inhibits arterial pressure, heart rate and diaphragm electromyogram activity. Complexes with DL-Homocysteic acid and cations like sodium and zinc have been synthesized.

DL-Methionine sulfoxide the product of oxidation of the sulfur the naturally occurring amino acid methionine. This product is a mixture of both methionine sulfoxide enantiomers.

Emodin is a compound used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent. It has been shown that emodin suppresses inflammatory responses in vitro by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) protein complexes. This effect occurs from emodin binding and preserving an inhibitory subunit on NF-κB.

Emodin has also been shown to induce apoptosis in mouse neuroectodermal tumors both in vivo and in vitro. Cell death is induced by inhibiting protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), a regulator of cell growth. Constraining PTK activity prevents further cell development which signals an apoptotic cascade.

gamma-Cyclodextrin is 8 linked D-glucopyranose units. Its unique functional characteristics make it useful for filtering out cholesterol molecules, which get trapped in the cyclodextrin rings. For delivery of compounds cyclodextrin has a hydrophilic outside and hydrophobic inside, helping form complexes that help increase solubility and bioavailability of compounds. They can also be used to help form molecules with mechanically-interlocked molecular structures by reacting the terminal ends of the molecule.

Hemin is an iron source with an iron-containing porphyrin ring. It is used to study conjugation and toxicity of lipophosphoglycan-polyacrylic acid conjugate for its potential as a vaccine against leishmaniasis.

Isoxanthohumol is a prenylflavonoid compound extracted from Humulus lupulus L., the common hop plant. It has displayed strong estrogenic effects and has been used for anti-cancer research. Isoxanthohumol has also been shown to form the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN), which forms by cleaving off an ether group.

Oncology research on Isoxanthohumol activity has shown a significant degree of efficacy against breast, prostate and colon cancer cell lines. It has also been to shown to attenuate transforming growth factor-β (TGF-1 β) expression and disrupt Janus kinase/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways which activate oncogenic genes.