Dithioerythritol (DTE) is one of two Cleland's Reagents (along with DTT). The two chemicals are epimers of each other, in which the hydroxyl groups of DTE are in the cis form as opposed to the trans form for DTT.

DTE is a strong reducing agent and is a component of buffers used in protocols for the isolation and purification of proteins.

Dithiothreitol (DTT) is the common name of the more popular of the two Cleland’s Reagents (the other being Dithioerythritol or DTE). DTT is a powerful reducing agent that forms a stable six-membered ring with an internal disulfide bond which is resistant to oxidation. DTT is often used for the following: reducing the disulfide bridge of the cross-linker N,N′-bis(acryloyl) cystamine to break apart the matrix of a polyacrylamide gel, the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins, the prevention of those bonds from forming between cysteine residues and lastly, DTT is often used to reduce thiolated DNA in order to minimize dimerization.

DTT is a nearly 7-fold stronger reduction agent than βME (β-mercaptoethanol) and has a less offensive odor and is less toxic.

Glutathione, Oxidized (GSSG) is the oxidized version of the naturally occurring and very important detoxification agent glutathione (GSH). When used in vivo, GSSG will not remain oxidized, but rather be reduced back to GSH. A ratio of GSH to GSSG can be used to determine the level of oxidative stress that has occurred in cells. When a cell has higher levels of GSSG, then it can be implied that more oxidative stress has occurred within the cell.

IPTG is an analog of galactose that is non-metabolizable and inactivates the lac repressor to induce synthesis of β-galactosidase in E. coli. The expression of cloned genes under the control of the lac operon is induced by IPTG. It is also a substrate for thigalactoside transacetylase and has been reported to induce penicillinase in bacteria.

The IPTG EZ Pak™ is the fastest and easiest way to make a set amount of sterile IPTG solution. The kit includes preweighed IPTG powder, a sterile filter, and a sterile container for the filtered solution. No need to calculate, simply add the stated amount of deionized H2O, filter, and pour into the labeled bottle for easy usage. The EZ Pak™ includes high quality GoldBio IPTG and the sterile solution is ready for tissue culture, bacterial media, or any other appropriate use.

L-Glutathione is a co-substrate to glutathione transferase found in plants and animals and is involved in the elimination of free radicals resulting from both cellular respiratory and metabolic activities.

TCEP-HCl is an odorless reducing agent suitable for protein applications and in the preparation for electrophoresis. TCEP is water soluble, is stable in a variety of solutions and is particularly useful in the labeling of cysteine residues with maleimides, preventing the cysteines from forming disulfide bonds. As a reducing agent, TCEP has many other desirable features.