EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is a chelating agent, a general chemical and a sequestrant. In molecular biology applications, it is used to minimize metal ion contamination and prevent enzymatic activity.

EDTA disodium is routinely used in electrophoresis DNA and protein separation applications to chelate metal ions required for enzymatic activity that could potentially damage DNA and protein structure.

D-Galactose is a monosaccharide sugar that serves as an energy source and glycosylation component. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose and often used as a source of carbon in culture media. Galactose is a component of the disaccharide lactose and released upon hydrolysis by β-galactosidase enzymes. It is converted to glucose via the Leloir pathway or metabolized via an alternative pathway, such as the DeLey-Doudoroff pathway.

Luciferin is a common bioluminescent reporter used for in vivo imaging of the expression of luciferase. This water soluble substrate for the firefly luciferase enzyme utilizes ATP and Mg2+ as cofactors to emit a characteristic yellow-green emission in the presence of oxygen, which shifts to red light in vivo at 37°C. Through the utilization of ATP, the reaction can be further used to indicate the presence of energy or life in order to function as a life-death stain.

Luciferin is a common reagent used throughout the biotechnology field and specifically for in vivo imaging. Luciferase labeled tumor cells, stem cells or infectious diseases are often inoculated into research animals such as rats or mice for investigation. The injection of luciferin allows for the real-time, noninvasive monitoring of disease progression and/or drug efficacy in these model systems through Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI).

Luciferin is also commonly used for in vitro research, including luciferase and ATP assays, gene reporter assays, high throughput sequencing and various contamination assays.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays a major role in metabolism as a cofactor and mobile electron acceptor. NAD+ is a required oxidizing cosubstrate for many enzymes. It is reduced to NADH (Cat# N-035) which carries electrons to the electron transport chain for subsequent oxidative phorphorylation and ATP production. NAD+ is capable of donating ADP-ribose moieties to a protein, producing nicotinamide in the process. Sirtuin enzymes use NAD+ as a substrate to deacetylate proteins and direct activity between the nucleus and mitochondria. NAD+ is regenerated by fermentation and by oxidative phosphorylation.

Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (often called MTT) is a common dye used in Cell Proliferation assays or Cell Growth assays. MTT is converted to water-insoluble, dark blue MTT-formazan by mitochondrial dehydrogenases of living cells. The intensity of the color can then be measured colorimetrically at a wavelength of 570 nm.

ProBlock™ Gold Bacterial Protease Inhibitor Cocktail contains optimized concentrations of various bacterial protease inhibitors, which provide excellent inhibition of protease activities during protein purification from bacteria. The cocktail contains both reversible and irreversible protease inhibitors to inhibit serine and cysteine proteases. It also contains specific inhibitors for bacterial proteases, such as aspartic proteases and aminopeptidases. A 1X concentration of ProBlock™ Gold Bacterial inhibits over 90% of protease activities.

Some proteins require divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+ or Mn2+) for their biological activity and the presence of chelating agents may be detrimental to the protein’s activity. Chelators, such as EDTA, inhibit the purification of proteins by immobilized metal affinity chromatography.

ProBlock™ Gold Bacterial is supplied with additional, optional EDTA and 1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate which are provided for optimal inhibition of metalloproteases and may be added in the extraction buffer or lysate as needed.

GoldBio's original formula for Bacterial Cell Lysis Buffer has been developed for the extraction of biologically active, soluble proteins and inclusion bodies from bacterial cells. The Bacterial Lysis Buffer is a proprietary improvement on the lysozyme based lysis method, which allows extraction of soluble proteins and concurrent removal of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) released during cell lysis. This lysis buffer eliminates viscosity build-up, allowing effective clarification with lower centrifugal forces.

Raffinose is a natural trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose and fructose. It primarily serves as a carbon source for yeast as well as being an important component in some cryopreservation solutions.

Additionally, it is known to improve digestion and increase the absorption of calcium.

Raffinose is naturally found in a variety of vegetables and grains, and is hydrolyzed by α-gal.

Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) is a moisture sensitive product that will readily decompose to ethanol and carbon dioxide in aqueous solution. DEPC can inhibit ryanodine binding to the ryanodine/Ca2+ receptor channel in a dose-and time-dependent manner, or work as a nuclease inhibitor. DEPC is often used to treat water used in the handling of RNA to remove RNases and reduce the risk of the RNA being degraded.

MES monohydrate is a buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a zwitterionic, morpholinic buffer that is useful for a pH range of 5.5 – 6.7 and commonly used for cell culture media, as a running buffer in electrophoresis, and for protein purification in chromatography. MES lacks the ability to form a complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions.

GoldBio's 6x Blue DNA Loading Dye is pre-mixed buffer designed for tracking the DNA sample during the electrophoresis on agarose or polyacrylamide gels. It contains two dyes (Xylene cyanol FF and Bromophenol blue) for tracking the DNA migration. The Xylene cyanol FF and Bromophenol blue migrate at approximately 4,000 bp and 500 bp on a standard 1% TAE agarose gel respectively (800 bp and 150 bp on a 2% TAE agarose gel respectively). The included glycerol keeps the DNA at the bottom of the well and the presence of EDTA chelates divalent metal ions to prevent the process of metal-dependent nuclease.

Ethyleneglycol bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N' tetraacetic acid, (EGTA) is a calcium specific chelator. Because of its low affinity for Mg+, EGTA inhibits metalloproteases.