Low Melting (LM) Agarose is a low melting temperature agarose with the highest resolving capacity for large DNA fragments, including PCR products.

Low melting temperature allows for the recovery of undamaged nucleic acids below denaturation temperature. Low gelling temperature ensures In-Gel applications can be performed in remelted agarose, avoiding difficult DNA extraction steps.

Low Melting Agarose is ideal for digestion by agarose enzymes, which makes it very easy to recover large DNA fragments suitable for cloning or enzymatic processing.

MES is a buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a zwitterionic, morpholinic buffer that is useful for a pH range of 5.5 – 6.7 and commonly used for cell culture media, as a running buffer in electrophoresis, and for protein purification in chromatography. MES lacks the ability to form a complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions. MES is often used in buffered culture media for bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells. It is toxic towards plants at high concentrations, but can be used in culture media at lower concentrations for plants. Due to low ionic mobility, MES is regarded as an excellent buffer for use in capillary electrochromatography. MES is often employed as a substitute for the highly toxic cacodylate, as well as a substitute for the non-zwitterionic buffers citrate and malate. MES complexes with some organotin(IV) molecules that are being explored as antitumor agents.

Aprotinin is a monomeric globular polypeptide derived from bovine lung tissue. It consists of a chain of 58 amino acids that fold into a stable, compact tertiary structure of the 'small SS-rich" type, containing 3 disulfides, a twisted β-hairpin and a C-terminal α-helix.

Aprotinin inhibits several serine proteases, specifically trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin and kallikrein. Its action on kallikrein leads to the inhibition of the formation of factor XIIa. Binding is reversible with most aprotinin-protease complexes dissociating at pH >10 or < 3. Aprotinin is freely soluble in water (>10 mg/ml) as well as low ionic strength aqueous buffers.

GelGreen™ is a sensitive, stable and environmentally safe green fluorescent nucleic acid dye designed to stain either dsDNA, ssDNA or RNA in agarose gels. GelGreen™ is far more sensitive than SYBR Safe. Unlike SYBR® dyes, which are known to be unstable, GelGreen™ is very stable, both hydrolytically and thermally. GelGreen™ is compatible with either a 254 nm UV transilluminator or a gel reader equipped with visible light excitation (such as blue LED light box, 488 nm laser-based gel scanner, or Dark Reader®).

GelGreen™ can be used for either post-electrophoresis gel staining or precast gel staining.

Nickel Agarose Resin is available in bulk or in prepacked columns. It has a binding capacity of >25 mg/ml with approximately 60 kDa protein. In addition, it allows for purification of proteins under native or denaturing conditions. GoldBio Nickel Agarose works very well with the His-Tag Buffer Set.

IDA cross-linked Agarose resin consists of iminodiacetic acid groups ligated by stable ether linkages via a spacer arm. IDA is a tridentate chelating agent, covalently coupled to cross-linked agarose beads. This resin is loaded with Ni2+. The resulting, ready-to-use resin is ideal for rapid purifications of His-tagged proteins.

Affinity Chromatography is based on the interaction between certain superficial protein residues (histidines, cysteines and to a lesser extent tryptophans), with transition metal cations, forming chelates.

Glutathione, Oxidized (GSSG) is the oxidized version of the naturally occurring and very important detoxification agent glutathione (GSH). When used in vivo, GSSG will not remain oxidized, but rather be reduced back to GSH. A ratio of GSH to GSSG can be used to determine the level of oxidative stress that has occurred in cells. When a cell has higher levels of GSSG, then it can be implied that more oxidative stress has occurred within the cell.

Due to the optimized concentration of the various inhibitors, the ProBlock™ Gold shows excellent inhibition of protease activities and is therefore suitable for the protection of proteins during purification from animal tissues, plant tissues, yeast and bacteria. ProBlock™ Gold contains both irreversible and reversible protease inhibitors to inhibit serine, cysteine and other proteases. An separate bottle of EDTA is provided to inhibit metalloproteases.

Since some proteins require divalent cations like Ca2+, Mg2+ or Mn2+ for their biological activity, the presence of EDTA may be detrimental to the protein activity. Furthermore, if the protein of interest is purified using immobilized metal chelate affinity chromatography, EDTA must be removed from the buffer before the chromatography. The ProBlock™ Gold is therefore supplied with a separate, optional EDTA solution which may be added to the extraction buffer or lysate as needed.

Phosphinothricin is a broad-spectrum herbicide that acts as a competitive inhibitor of glutamine synthetase.

Glutamine synthetase plays an important role in plant nitrogen metabolism. Its actions lead to the formation of glutamine; however, when inhibited by phosphinothricin, a rapid accumulation of ammonia along with reduction in glutamine occurs within plants.

This herbicide makes an ideal agent for the selection of transformed plants. Plant resistance to phosphinothricin is conferred through the bar gene, and due to the fast degradation of phosphinothricin in soil and in water, it presents a low risk for environmental contamination.

E-64 (trans-Epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido(4-guanidino)butane) irreversibly inhibits cysteine proteases without affecting other enzymes that contain cysteine residues. E-64 is capable of inhibiting bromelain, trypsin, papain, staphopain, calpain, collagenase, ficain, cathepsin B, H and L. Inhibition of serine proteases is not seen with E-64, excepting trypsin.

E-64 is usually used in a concentration range of 1 to 10μM. It is widely used for in vivo studies due to its cell permeability, low toxicity, and potency. E-64 is being investigated for the treatment of diseases caused by cysteine protease activity. It has been observed to inhibit programmed cell death and restore antigen and mitogen activity related to normal proliferative responses in T cells obtained from HIV+ donors.

Streptavidin Agarose Resin is a high affinity biotin-binding chromatography resin with streptavidin covalently bound to 6% crosslinked agarose beads and a biotin binding capacity of >120 nmol/ml of gel. Immobilized Streptavidin resin is suitable for gravity flow columns, spin columns, and FPLC methods. Immobilized Streptavidin can be used for affinity chromatography purifications by separating biotinylated proteins from nonbiotinylated proteins and for affinity purification of antigens when used with biotinylated antibodies.

Bis-Tris, also known as bis-Tris methane, is a zwitterionic buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology. It is a bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine and Tris family buffer that is useful for a pH range of 5.8 – 7.2. Bis Tris is a common component of many buffer systems for various types of electrophoresis. Bis-Tris may form a complex with some common metals, such as Cu(II) and Pb(II), and formation constants should be taken into account when using this buffer in a solution containing metal ions. Bis-Tris can be used as a substitute for the highly toxic buffer cacodylate.

Available in bulk or in prepacked columns, cobalt has a binding capacity of >25 mg/ml with approximately 60 kDa protein. Cobalt binds fewer host protein contaminants, resulting in lower background than nickel resins and no metal contamination in eluted histidine-tagged protein sample. In addition, it allows for purification of proteins under native or denaturing conditions. Cobalt Agarose works very well with Ni/Cu/Co Resin Wash Buffer and Histidine Protein Elution Buffer.