D-Salicin is a an inhibitor of COX and a substrate for β-glucosidase.

Fusaric acid is a picolinic acid derived from the fungus Fusarium heterosporium. While it’s mechanism of action is not clearly understood,it likely inhibits dopamine beta-hydroxylase enzyme. As a mycotoxin it has negative effects on mammals, but it can be used to inhibit cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. For selection purposes fusaric acid is used to test resistance to itself in plants, allowing for the confirmation of genetic resistance to dangerous mycotoxin absorption. It is also used as a cell selective agent to differentiate tetracycline-susceptible E. coli from tetracycline-resistant. As a reagent it’s used to synthesize Bupicomide, an experimental beta blocker.

Trigonelline is an alkaloid and the product of niacin metabolism excretion. It is found in plants such as the coffee plant. In plants trigonelline is considered a diverse regulator for both cell cycle and other basic functions. Trigonelline can inhibit the Nrf2 transcription factor, rendering pancreatic cancer cells more susceptible to apoptosis. It also possesses an anti-diabetic effect when on KK-Ay when used on mice.