2-Hydroxypalmitic acid is a 2-hydroxy fatty acid consisting of a C16 chain with a hydroxyl substituent at position 2. This metabolite is considered a saturated long-chain fatty acid due to its straight chain. Consequently, it has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent, neuroprotection and defense against bacteria and cancer. 2-Hydroxypalmitic acid can also be used as a surfactant.

Sphingomyelin in the epidermis of murines have displayed the alpha-hydroxypalmitic acid in TLC bands. When murine papillomas were measured for the substance, it was diminished in SENCAR and SSIN phingomyelin, implying there is a selective process in tumorigenesis which causes hydrolysis of sphingomyelin containing such fatty acids.

In yeast, 2-Hydroxypalmitic acid was seen to increase when fumonisin B1, a compound similar to sphingolipds which enhances yeast 2-hydroxy fatty acids, was added to the growth medium.

2-Nitrophenyl-1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside is an enzyme substrate that is often used in the detection of lac- mutations.

4-Isothiocyanatophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside is an organic isothiocyanate compound used in carbohydrate chemistry. It is a building block and reagent which is used for preparing neoglycoproteins. This solid powder carbohydrate melts at 179-182°C. β-D-mannoside is a component of this molecule.

The incorporation of the N=C=S chemical group qualifies 4-Isothiocyanatophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside as an isothiocyanate, a molecule group which frequently appears in food and medical sciences. This compound type produces an assortment of related flavors in vegetables. In coordination chemistry, isothiocyanates can operate as ligands.

4-Nitrophenyl beta-D-cellobioside is a chromogenic substrate for beta-D-Cellobiosidase and yields a yellow solution upon cleavage.

4-Nitrophenyl-β-D- xylopyranoside is a chromogenic β-xylosidase substrate, yielding a yellow solution upon cleavage.

5-Aminolevulinic acid benzyl ester is a protoporphyrin precursor used as a photodetection agent. Its derivatives can also be used to mediate gram-negative/positive bacteria.

5-Aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester is used in many fluorescence applications to detect cancer cells (such as bladder cancer) and protoporphyrin IX(PpIX) product that can be seen in photodetection.

5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride can be used as an imaging assistant for the purposes of identification of cancerous cells in tissues by causing fluorescent porphyrin accumulation.

5-Aminolevulinic acid derivatives can temporarily increase Protoporphyrin IX concentrations in tissues for photodynamic therapy and imaging.

5-Fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid is a reagent for chemical synthesis. It has been used in the creation of Xa inhibitors, Fungicidal and Antitumor agents and COX-2 inhibitors. 5-Fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid is an antagonist of NMDA receptor-associated glycine sites and raises the convulsive threshold.

6-Chloro-3-indoxyl nonanoate is a chromogenic substrate and yields a pink precipitate with C9 active esterase upon cleavage.

D-Fructose 6-phosphate, disodium salt dihydrate is a glycolytic intermediate produced upon isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate. It may be used to characterize enzymes of the glycolytic pathway and differentiate between them.