Description
Adenosine 5′-Triphosphate (ATP), Disodium Salt, Trihydrate is a high-quality nucleotide essential for a broad range of biochemical, enzymatic, and cell-based applications. With ultra-low endotoxin levels, GoldBio's ATP is ideal for kinase assays, luciferase-based detection, metabolic studies, and nucleotide quantification.
It functions as a universal energy source in enzymatic reactions and serves as a critical substrate for ATP-dependent processes including phosphorylation, signal transduction, and ion transport. Supplied as a crystalline powder, GoldBio’s ATP provides you with consistency and performance for high-precision results in molecular biology, pharmacology, and analytical chemistry.
Functional Highlights and Mechanism
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ATP serves as the primary energy carrier in cells: the terminal γ-phosphate can be transferred or hydrolyzed to release free energy that fuels numerous biochemical processes.
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As a substrate for kinases, ATP transfers its γ-phosphate to target proteins and small molecules, thus driving phosphorylation and signal transduction cascades.
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In metabolic pathways, ATP is regenerated from ADP and AMP via enzymatic reactions (e.g., glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, creatine kinase system) enabling continuous energy supply.
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In cell culture or media applications, extracellular ATP may act as a signaling molecule via purinergic receptors, or can be used as a tracer or standard for nucleotide-based assays. Note that exogenous ATP does not directly enter cells to supplement intracellular ATP pools.
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Because the GoldBio product is Ultra Pure, it minimizes interfering impurities (e.g., ADP/AMP, heavy metals, other nucleotides) which is critical for sensitive enzymatic or metabolic assays where background contamination can confound results.
Recommended Applications and Usage Notes
Recommended Applications
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Use in kinase or phosphotransfer enzyme assays as the phosphate donor substrate.
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Use as a standard or internal control in nucleotide quantitation, ATP-detection assays (e.g., luciferase-based luminescence).
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Use in metabolic flux or cellular energy studies, where supplementing with ATP or tracking ATP consumption is needed.
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Use in preparation of cell culture media or media additives when investigating cellular energy dynamics, nutrient uptake or signaling responses.
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Use in optimization of buffer systems, energy-dependent reaction mixes, or in vitro transcription/translation systems requiring high-quality nucleotides.
Usage Tips and Considerations
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When preparing stock solutions, consider dissolving ATP in ultrapure water and adjust pH where required; verify concentration via spectrophotometric or enzymatic assay if precision is needed.
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Freeze aliquots at –20 °C to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles which can degrade ATP (hydrolysis to ADP/AMP). According to typical handling guidelines, aqueous ATP is stable for months at –15 °C and for shorter periods at 0 °C.
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Because ATP can chelate metal ions (e.g., Mg²⁺ binds ATP in many enzymatic reactions), ensure your reaction buffer accounts for metal-ion availability. For example, many kinase assays require ATP•Mg²⁺ complexes; inadequate Mg²⁺ or excess free ATP may alter assay performance.
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If using for cell culture supplementation, be mindful of metabolic side-effects: exogenous ATP may alter signaling (e.g., via purinergic receptors) or extracellular ATP may act as a signaling molecule.
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Reference and store the lot-specific Certificate of Analysis provided by GoldBio to confirm purity, heavy metal content, water content/hydrate form, and suitability for your application.
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This product is for research use only. Do not use for diagnostic, therapeutic or food/veterinary applications.
Common Applications
(Click each for more information)
Universal Energy Carrier in In Vitro Enzymatic Reactions
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Purpose: To provide the phosphate energy required for ATP-dependent enzymatic activity.
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How It Works: ATP serves as the universal energy currency in biochemical reactions, providing the energy through hydrolysis of its phosphoanhydride bonds. It drives processes catalyzed by kinases, ligases, and motor proteins through direct phosphate transfer or energy coupling.
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Applications: Kinase assays, ATPase activity studies, in vitro transcription or translation.
Boyer, P. D. (1997). The ATP synthase — a splendid molecular machine. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 66(1), 717–749.
Activator and Substrate in Kinase Assays
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Purpose: To enable phosphorylation of proteins, nucleotides, or lipids in kinase-related pathways.
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How It Works: Kinases transfer the γ-phosphate of ATP to hydroxyl groups on serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues.
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Applications: Signal transduction studies, inhibitor screening, kinase profiling.
Manning, G., Whyte, D. B., Martinez, R., Hunter, T., & Sudarsanam, S. (2002). The protein kinase complement of the human genome. Science, 298(5600), 1912–1934.
Substrate for Luciferase-Based Bioluminescence Assays
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Purpose: To detect ATP levels in cells, tissues, or biochemical reactions using luciferase-based systems.
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How It Works: Firefly luciferase catalyzes the oxidation of luciferin in the presence of ATP, producing light proportional to ATP concentration.
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Applications: Cell viability assays, cytotoxicity testing, apoptosis quantification.
Crouch, S. P. M., Kozlowski, R., Slater, K. J., & Fletcher, J. (1993). The use of ATP bioluminescence as a measure of cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Journal of Immunological Methods, 160(1), 81–88.
Allosteric Regulator in Metabolic and Ion Transport Studies
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Purpose: To study enzyme modulation, transporter activation, and metabolic feedback.
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How It Works: ATP functions as both an allosteric regulator and a direct energy source in metabolic and transport systems. It modulates enzyme activity in metabolic pathways (e.g., phosphofructokinase) and powers conformational cycling in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and ion pumps such as Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase.
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Applications: Studies of P2X receptors, ion pumps (e.g., Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase), and metabolic enzyme regulation.
Janes, K. A., & Yaffe, M. B. (2006). Data-driven modelling of signal-transduction networks. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 7(11), 820–828.
Standard for High-Precision HPLC, Biochemical, and Cell-Based Assays
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Purpose: To serve as a quantifiable, contaminant-free standard for analytical or cell biology experiments.
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How It Works: Ultra-pure ATP is free of enzymatic contaminants such as nucleotidases and pyrophosphatases, as well as microbial impurities, ensuring reproducibility and reliability in analytical and biochemical applications.
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Applications: HPLC analysis, metabolic flux quantification, nucleotide calibration curves.
Gorman, M. W., Feigl, E. O., & Buffington, C. W. (2007). Human plasma ATP concentration. Clinical Chemistry, 53(2), 318–325.
Safety Disclaimer
This product is intended strictly for laboratory research use only. Before use, consult the corresponding Safety Data Sheet (SDS) provided by GoldBio for information on hazards, handling procedures, storage requirements and waste disposal. Always use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including lab coat, gloves and eye protection. Dispose of residual reagents and waste in compliance with local, state and federal regulations.
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