Cephapirin benzathine is a benzathine salt form of a first generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cephapirin benzathine has a wide range of activity against gram negative and gram positive bacteria. It has also been used as an antifungal in animals infected with Candida albicans. Benzathine salt has been shown to prolong the duration of antibiotic activity in cephapirin benzathine.

Cephalosporins are a type of β-lactam antibiotic consisting of a four-membered β-lactam ring bound to a six-membered dihydrothiazine ring. This two-ring system causes distortion of the β-lactam amide bond, resulting in decreased resonance stabilization and increased reactivity. β-lactams inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links within bacterial cell walls by targeting penicillin-binding proteins or PBPs. Consequently, the bacterial cell wall becomes weak and cytolysis occurs. Cephalosporins are less susceptible to β-lactamases than the penicillin β-lactam antibiotics.

Antibiotics are often used in clinical in vitro tests known as antimicrobial susceptibility tests or ASTs to determine their efficacy against certain bacterial species. They are tested against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using panels, discs, and MIC strips by medical microbiologists. ASTs decrease the risk of using an antibiotic against bacteria exhibiting resistance to it, and the results are used in clinical settings to determine which antibiotic(s) to prescribe for various infections.

Cetylpyridinium chloride is a cationic quaternary ammonium compound that has been used to eliminate oral pathogens. It has shown a high degree of efficacy towards gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and some pathogenic fungi.

Cetylpyridinium chloride functions as a surfactant, reducing the surface tension between pathogenic membranes and their environments. Greater interaction between the membrane and environment disrupts the cell membrane and osmoregulation. Compromising the membrane ultimately results in cell death.

CHAPS, also known as ((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)-1-propanesulfonate, is a zwitterionic surfactant primarily used to solubilize membrane proteins and other macromolecules.

Oftentimes, mild detergents are used in cell lysis applications by interfering with membrane interactions.

Chenodeoxycholic acid is a bile acid found in humans, used for detergent purposes. Bile acids form micelles and break down lipids.

CHES is a zwitterionic buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology. It is a cyclohexylamine buffer that is useful for a pH range of 8.6 – 10.0 and commonly used to study enzymatic processes above physiological pH. CHES displays only weak or negligible complexation capabilities for some metals making it a suitable non-coordinating buffer for use in most solutions containing metal ions. CHES displays high affinity for the iodoacetate binding site of liver alcohol dehydrogenase, protecting the enzyme from inactivation by iodoacetic acid.

Chicoric acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid that occurs in a variety of plants such as Cichorium intybus and Echinacea purpurea. It has been used as an anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and an insulin enhancer.

Chicoric acid has specifically been used as an inhibitor of integrase enzymes in human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV1). Inhibition of this enzyme prevents viral genetic material from being incorporated into host DNA. It specifically shows activity towards HIV1 and not HIV2.

Chicoric acid presence for in vivo and in vitro studies have shown a stimulation in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression. The upregulation in AMPK expression results in the observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and insulin enhancing effects. Anti-oxidizing protein synthesis has been increased through AMPK stimulation. AMPK has also been shown to diminish inflammatory responses by increasing interleukin 10 synthesis (IL10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Chicoric acid stimulation of AMPK inhibits glucose-6-phosphate formation, promoting glucose utilization. The release of insulin by pancreatic β-islet cells has been correlated with direct stimulation by chicoric acid.

Chloramphenicol, also known as chlornitromycin, is a broad-spectrum, bacteriostatic antibiotic derived from Streptomyces venezuelae. It is effective against several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and commonly used in researching protein synthesis and to select for chloramphenicol-resistant transformed cells or the bacterial CAT gene.

Chloramphenicol-beta-D-galactopyranoside forms the antibiotic Chloramphenicol when undergoing hydrolysis. The addition of the sugar provides increases solubility and greater absorption of the Chloramphenicol.

Chlorhexidine is a cationic polybisbiguanide used as a detergent as well as a bactericidal, anti-viral and antifungal agent. It has been used against an array of oral pathogens, with a high effectiveness toward gram-negative bacteria.

Chlorhexidine, when placed into physiological pH, dissociates into its cationic form and binds to the negatively charged bacterial wall. This binding will cause cytosolic leakage at low concentrations and lytic effects at high chlorohexidine concentrations. However, chlorhexidine activity can be halted upon interaction with anionic compounds.

Chlorhexidine diacetate salt is a diacetate derivative of a cationic polybisbiguanide that has bactericidal, anti-fungal and anti-viral activity. It has also been used for in vivo pharmacokinetic research to investigate drug release rates.

Chlorhexidine, when placed into physiological pH, dissociates into its cationic form and binds to the negatively charged bacterial wall. This binding will cause cytosolic leakage at low concentrations and lytic effects at high chlorohexidine concentrations. However, chlorhexidine activity can be halted upon interaction with anionic compounds.

Chlorhexidine HCl is the cationic salt form of chlorhexidine, a bactericidal detergent. Chlorhexidine HCl has strong bactericidal activity and is used for in vitro bactericidal assays as a positive control.

The compound functions as a bactericidal agent by interacting with the negatively charged bacterial cell wall. Contact of the cationic salt with the cell wall causes cytosolic leakage at low chlorohexidine HCl concentrations and cell lysis at higher concentrations. Duration of antibacterial effects has been shown to be enhanced by incorporating chlorhexidine HCl into human albumin microspheres. This lengthened antibacterial activity against Escheria coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.