D-Mannoheptulose is a natural, seven-carbon monosaccharide found in avocado fruits. It behaves as a competitive inhibitor of hexokinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses such as glucose. The inhibition of hexokinase leads to the prevention of glycolysis.

Extensive research has reported that using D-mannoheptulose to interfere with hexokinases ultimately inhibits the synthesis and release of insulin. This has had a significant impact on studies involving diabetes and anti-aging.

D-Mannose is an aldohexose carbohydrate used to study the effects of mannose on processes such as glycosylation. It can also be used as an alternative biological energy source. D-mannose has been used to study bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation

D-Melezitose hydrate is a carbon substrate used to analyze identification of indole-positive and indole-negative Klebsiella species. It is also used to study epidemiologic markers of Klebsiella oxytoca strains.

D-Melibiose is a reducing disaccharide formed from galactose and glucose. It can be used to differentiate between Saccharomyces pastorianus, which breaks down D-Melibose, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae which does not. This characteristic may be shared among other bacteria, giving D-Melibiose an ability to differentiate bacterial species. D-Melibiose has also been used to study water plasticization of amorphous disaccharides and in a study improvind the preparation of benzoylated ethyl. It also has moderate protective effects on anti-pig antibodies in pig kidney cells.

D-Norvaline is an alpha-amino acid. It is a natural component of an antifungal peptide of Bacillus subtilis, and may be part of the production of cell walls resistant to vancomycin. As a reagent it has been used to synthesize MMP inhibitors.

D-Penicillamine is a copper chelating agent that also functions as a disease modifying, anti-rheumatic immunosuppressant.

Raffinose is a natural trisaccharide composed of galactose, glucose and fructose. It primarily serves as a carbon source for yeast as well as being an important component in some cryopreservation solutions.

Additionally, it is known to improve digestion and increase the absorption of calcium.

Raffinose is naturally found in a variety of vegetables and grains, and is hydrolyzed by α-gal.

D-Ribose is an aldopentose monosaccharide. It is phosphorylated into D-ribose 5-phosphate by ribokinase and then supports the synthesis of tryptophan and histidine. Additionally, D-ribose 5-phosphate is part of the pentose phosphate pathway. D-Ribose may be used as a cell culture media supplement.

D-Ribose is an aldopentose monosaccharide. It is phosphorylated into D-ribose 5-phosphate by ribokinase and then supports the synthesis of tryptophan and histidine. Additionally, D-ribose 5-phosphate is part of the pentose phosphate pathway. D-Ribose may be used as a cell culture media supplement.

D-Salicin is a an inhibitor of COX and a substrate for β-glucosidase.

D-Tryptophan is used in the liver and kidneys to produce d-kynurenine. It can be used as a reagent for chemical synthesis.