gamma-Cyclodextrin is 8 linked D-glucopyranose units. Its unique functional characteristics make it useful for filtering out cholesterol molecules, which get trapped in the cyclodextrin rings. For delivery of compounds cyclodextrin has a hydrophilic outside and hydrophobic inside, helping form complexes that help increase solubility and bioavailability of compounds. They can also be used to help form molecules with mechanically-interlocked molecular structures by reacting the terminal ends of the molecule.

Pepsin, one of the principal digestion enzymes, breaks down proteins in to smaller peptides. It is most efficient in cleaving the peptide bonds between hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine. Pepsin readily cleaves immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules, generating F(ab’)2 fragments and small Fc peptide fragments. The smaller Fc fragments can be easily removed via gel filtration while the F(ab’)2 fragments can then be purified from any remaining, undigested IgG. The F(ab’)2 fragments are highly useful for research interests, being able to penetrate tissue better than standard IgG antibodies and facilitate better antigen recognition while avoiding unspecific binding to Fc receptors.

Immobilized Pepsin Agarose Resin is an efficient method for producing F(ab’)2 fragments from IgG molecules for antibody mimetic. Undigested IgG can be quickly removed with our Protein A Agarose Resin (GoldBio Catalog # P-400). Fc fragments can also be removed using a gel filtration system.

Resin: 6% Cross-linked Agarose

Shipping/Handling: Shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store at 4°C, do NOT freeze.

28-homo-brassinolide is a plant hormone from a class of polyhydroxysteroids that has been shown to have a protective role in plants under various stress situations; showing significant improvement of plant growth, water uptake, photosynthesis and yield. 28-homo-brassinolide has been shown to be the most effective of any of the brassinosteroids in mitigating plant stress effects from natural conditions such as chilling, drought, heat or salinity.

Brassinosteriods are a group of plant hormones that occur naturally in the plant kingdom. They have a variety of physiological roles including cell division and elongation, gene regulation, photosynthesis, senescence, enzyme activation and growth.

Sodium 3-hydroxybutyrate is a biochemical used in proteomics research.

Hydroxyurea is a compound used in anti-cancer research to inhibit DNA synthesis and in sickle cell research for ways to alleviate symptoms. It has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase which reduces ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides.

In vivo research has shown hydroxyurea converting into a free radical nitric oxide which binds the active site of ribonucleotide reductase, ceasing further DNA synthesis. The mechanism of nitric oxide release from hydroxyurea is not well understood.

Hydroxyurea has also been shown to alleviate sickle cell anemia through its conversion to nitric oxide in vivo. Nitric oxide alleviates endogenous nitric oxide loss, caused by hemolysis, and stimulates soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activity which will signal fetal hemoglobin production.

Irgasan (triclosan) is a broad-spectrum antifungal and antibiotic. It is often used as a supplement to cell culture media in Pseudomonas and Yersinia isolation agars to prevent bacterial contamination. It is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in ethanol and methanol.

Irgasan binds the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase and forms a complex. Consequently, NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) binds and prevents the enoyl-ACP complex from participating in the fatty acid synthesis cycle, suppressing bacterial cell growth.

GoldBio’s Illumination™ Renilla Luciferase Enhanced Assay Kit is specifically designed for the measurement of Renilla luciferase in transfected cell reporter gene assays. This kit is enhanced with a water soluble coelenterazine that is easier to use and store than other conventional coelenterazine products.

Renilla luciferase is a commonly used bioluminescent reporter gene that is used to study gene regulation and function both in vivo as well as in vitro. Renilla luciferase is a monomeric 36 kDa protein isolated from the sea pansy, Renilla reniformis, which catalyzes coelenterazine with oxygen to produce a blue light (480 nm). There is no need for any post-translational modifications and the protein may be used as a gene reporter immediately after translation. Our Enhanced Assay Kit includes a special buffer which is designed to yield reliable, linear measurements of Renilla luciferase activity with maximum sensitivity and minimal autoluminescence. This kit is a flash-type luminescent assay, and requires measurement immediately after adding the substrate to the sample.

One Assay can be performed in a single tube or an individual well on a 96 well plate. The kits include enough Passive Lysis Buffer to perform the stated number of assays in plate sizes ranging from 96-well to 24-well. If needed, additional 5X Passive Lysis Buffer (GoldBio Catalog # L-745) can be purchased separately.

L-Fucose is a six-carbon deoxy monosaccharide that is equivalent to 6-deoxy-L-galactose. L-Fucose is found on many N- and O-linked glycans present on the cell surface of a wide variety of organisms. The most well-known fucosylated glycans are the ABO blood group antigens. L-fucose present in gastrointestinal mucous represses virulence factor-encoding genes expressed by enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Mutations in the gene that encodes alpha-L-fucosidase can cause fucosidosis, leading to a buildup of fucose-containing compounds which cause cellular malfunction.

D-Glucuronic acid is a basic building block of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate. It is a precursor to vitamin C, the chief detoxifying agent in plants and animals.

GoldBio Tri-Color 6x DNA Loading Dye is a pre-mixed buffer for tracking DNA sample during the electrophoresis on agarose or polyacrylamide gels. It contains three dyes (Xylene cyanol FF, Bromophenol blue and Orange G) for tracking the DNA migration.

The Xylene cyanol FF, Bromophenol blue and Orange G migrate at approximately 4,000 bp, 500 bp and 50 bp on 1% TAE agarose gel respectively (800 bp, 150 bp and 30 bp on a standard 2% TAE agarose gel respectively). Glycerol is used to keep the DNA at the bottom of the well. The presence of EDTA chelates divalent metal ions to prevent the process of metal-dependent nuclease.

Composition

• 0.03% Xylene cyanol FF
• 0.03% Bromophenol blue
• 0.15% Orange G
• 10mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0)
• 60% glycerol
• 60mM EDTA

L-Leucine 7-amido-4- methylcoumarin hydrochloride is used in leucine aminopeptidase assays as a fluorgenic substrate, showing greater sensitivity when compared to 4-methoxynapthylamide assays. Aside from the leucine aminopeptidase enzyme, L-Leucine 7-amido-4- methylcoumarin hydrochloride also works as a fluorogenic subtsrate for broad specificity aminopeptidases, such as aminopeptidase M.

The result of enzymatic activity yields a bright blue fluorescent dye: 7-amino-4methylcoumarin (excitation 380nm emission 440nm).

Leucine aminopeptidase enzymes are found across a wide range of organisms including bacteria, plants and animals, and it has been detected in human tissues, with high activity observed in the kidney and liver.

4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-cellobioside acts as a fluorogenic substrate used to measure the activity of (1,4)-β-Glucanase.

(1,4)-β-Glucanase is an enzyme that breaks down glucose by disrupting the glycosidic bonds. This enzyme is also involved in the cell wall synthesis for various fungi.

4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-cellobioside can also be used in Cel D Fusion screenings and activity staining in polyacrylamide gels, yielding blue fluorescence as a result.