(+)-Bicuculline, a light-sensitive competitive GABAA and GABAA-gated chloride channel antagonist, functions in the biochemical field as a drug, CNS stimulator, convulsant and neurotransmitter. Its chemical identities are alkaloid and phthalide-isoquinoline compound. Extracted from plant alkaloid in 1932, this metabolite has been definitively located in Adlumia fungosa, Dicentra cucullaria, Fumariaceae and some species of Corydalis. (+)-Bicuculline acts primarily on ionotropic GABAA receptors but also blocks Ca2+-activated potassium channels and can act as an agrochemical.

As a poisonous neurotoxin, it affects nervous system responses associated with GABAA by binding to the receptors but not activating them, thus inhibiting the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid. This produces a powerful convulsive reaction mimicking epilepsy and has been used in lab studies of the condition. Administered with NMDA, it has induced paraplegia. Injection to the amygdala has also produced GABA-related anxiolytic effects on emotional states.

1,2-Benzoisothiazolin-3-one, sodium salt is an isothiazolinone biocine used in plants and as a preservative. Its mode of action is both fungicidal and microbicidal.

1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or DPPE is a phospholipid component of the cell membrane. It is used in membrane models and is part of the glycerophosphoethanolamine family. DPPE has been shown to cause competitive hydrogen bonding of amine groups with phosphate/carbonyl groups or water. Additionally, DPPE has been studied along with cholesterol, showing cholesterol’s ability to induce DPPE monolayer condensation when calcium ions are present.

2-Deoxy-D-galactose is a deoxy hexose that inhibits synthesis of glycoproteins in Influenza virus, such as hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, by blocking glycosylation. 2-Deoxy-D-galactose also inhibits the glycosylation of mammalian proteins involved in neurotransmitter release and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. It has been used for isolating galactose permease mutants of Salmonella typhimurium and in the inhibition of glycolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has also been used to isolate and elucidate the activity of a system for galactose uptake into E. coli.

4,6-Dihydroxy-2-methylpyrimidine is a reagent used in chemical synthesis.

4-Benzyloxyindole is a reactant in a variety of preparation procedures. It is used in the synthesis of 4-aryl-4H-chromenes as an inducer of apoptosis, in the synthesis of indol-3-yl tetramethylcyclopropyl ketones as a CB2 cannabinoid receptor ligand, and in the synthesis of hepatitis C inhibitors. Additionally, 4-Benzyloxyindole is used to prepare carbon-11-labeled-4-aryl-4H-chromenes as PET agents in cancer studies, to prepare indoles through Bartoli reductive cyclization, and to synthesize oxopyrrolidine analogs in iodine-catalyzed Markovnikov additions.

4-Bromoindole is studied for its potential use as a GSK-3 inhibitor.

4-Methylumbelliferone is useful as an indicator in the determination of nitric acid. It is also useful in the kinetic investigation of enzyme activity. 4-Methylumbelliferone is fluorescent in alkaline solution.

5-Amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid is a reagent used in preparation of polymer-bound diazonium salts and insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activator. It is also used in 2-component dendritic chain reactions and activation of hydrophobic dendrimers.

5-Aminoindole is used in a variety of preparation applications. It is used to prepare cytotoxic and antimitotic agents, HIV protease inhibitors, PCKθ inhibitors, IGF-1 receptor inhibitors, anticancer agents, antivascular agents, tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors, and Smac mimetics binding the XIAP apoptosis-inhibiting protein.

5-Aminoisophthalic acid is used in proteomics research.

5-Benzyloxyindole is a useful chemical reagent. It is used in preparation of indole and quinoline carbothioic acid amide derivatives. It is also used in various Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions as well as specific C-3 alkenylation reactions and preparation of protein kinase (PKC) inhibitors.