Tropine is a derivative of tropane, which contains a hydroxyl group. It a a building block for the synthesis of atropine, an anticholinergic drug.

Tyramine HCl is a monoamine derived from tyrosine. It is a catecholamine releasing agent that does not have the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. It can be released as a false transmitter.

Uric acid is a xanthine oxidase product and the final result of the oxidation of purine catabolism in primates and humans.

Valproate sodium is a branched chain fatty acid with anticancer, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is also an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) through promotion of transcriptionally active chromatin. This inhibition may regulate the neuroprotective effects of valproic acid. The molecules: VEGF, BNDF andGNDF mediate the effects.

While its mechanism is not well understood, it is suggested that valproate sodium inhibits sodium ion channels.

α-D-Galactose 1-phosphate, dipotassium salt pentahydrate is a phosphorylated sugar produced from galactose by galactokinase. It is an intermediate found in the conversion pathway of glucose and galactose.