Pyruvic acid is the simplest alpha-keto acid, and is considered to be key in several metabolic processes. Because pyruvate, which is the carboxylate ion of pyruvic acid, can be converted into carbohydrates, fatty acids or energy, it is a uniting intermediate compound and its fate depends on the organism and environment.

It is produced during glycolysis, and through the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), it supplies cells with energy. Two molecules of pyruvate are produced from one glucose molecule. Pyruvate is then converted into acetyl-coenzyme A used in the Krebs cycle.

In gluconeogenesis, pyruvic acid can be converted back into glucose or glycogen, and in environments with low oxygen, pyruvic acid is broken down anaerobically into lactic acid.

Clinically, the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio can assist in diagnosing mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders because the ratio is often, but not always elevated in these cases. There is also a lower ratio typically observed in inherited pyruvate metabolic disorders.

Sodium taurocholate is the sodium salt of taurocholic acid, a bile acid composed of cholic acid and taurine. It has many microbiological uses, and is a well-known recipe component of MacConkey agar.

It is also often used to solubilize lipids and membrane proteins, as well as functioning as an activator during studies involving different types of lipases.

GoldBio’s Sodium Taurodeoxycholate is a high-purity,
water-soluble bile salt detergent widely used in membrane protein research,
microbiology, and lipid solubilization studies. As a conjugated bile acid salt,
sodium taurodeoxycholate effectively disrupts lipid bilayers and forms mixed
micelles, making it ideal for solubilizing and stabilizing membrane proteins,
permeabilizing cell membranes, or mimicking bile salt function in lipid
transport assays.

It also plays a critical role in selective growth media for
enteric bacteria and has proven utility in endotoxin removal workflows.

Sodium thiocyanate is typically used as a chaotropic agent to disrupt protein tertiary structure, denature nucleic acids or solubilize carbohydrates. Chaotropic agents work by disrupting non-covalent bonds; including hydrogen bonding network between water molecules, van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interactions.

Sodium thiocyanate is water soluble and has been used in a wide array of applications, including as an accelerating agent for concrete, in the production of ink for ink jet printers, as a stabilizing chemical in photography and as an intermediate in herbicides and pesticides. It is also widely used to synthesize other thiocyanate compounds.

Sparfloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic targeting gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria as well as Mycoplasma species. It is especially effective against bacteria responsible for respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia. Sparfloxacin also displays photosensitizing effects.

Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces spectabilis. It is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but most commonly used against Gonococcus species. It has also been used to monitor cell fate during leaf development and as a selection marker in plants to display successful transformation of the Spcr gene.

Spectinomycin functions by binding the 30s ribosomal subunit, inhibiting tRNA translation and protein synthesis. Resistance to this antibiotic is conferred through the aadA gene and mutated rpsE gene.

GoldBio’s antibiotic solutions are provided ready to use.

The Spectinomycin Dihydrochloride Pentahydrate EZ Pak™ is the fastest and easiest way to make a set amount of sterile spectimomycin dihydrochloride solution. The kit includes pre-weighed spectimomycin dihydrochloride powder, a sterile filter and a sterile container for the filtered solution. No need to calculate, simply add the stated amount of deionized H2O, filter, and pour into the labeled bottle for easy usage. The EZ Pak™ includes high quality GoldBio spectimomycin dihydrochloride and the sterile solution is ready for tissue culture, bacterial media or any number of uses.

Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces spectabilis. It is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but most commonly used against Gonococcus species. It has also been used to monitor cell fate during leaf development and as a selection marker in plants to display successful transformation of the Spcr gene.

Spectinomycin functions by binding the 30s ribosomal subunit, inhibiting tRNA translation and protein synthesis. Resistance to this antibiotic is conferred through the aadA gene and mutated rpsE gene.

Spermidine trihydrochloride is a polyamine that inhibits neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and binds and precipitates DNA. It may be used to purify DNA binding proteins. Additionally, spermidine stimulates T4 polynucleotide kinase activity. It is involved in growth, development, and the stress response in plants.

Spermine is a polyamine derived from spermidine. It is involved in the cellular metabolism of all eukaryotic cells, as well as being vital to some bacteria.

Due to its polycationic nature, nonviral gene therapy applications involving spermine have shown promising results. This has had a positive impact in cancer research involving the lungs.

Gene transfer within the lungs is met with many obstacles due to inflammatory and immunological responses. Using spermine as a gene delivery vehicle to transfect living cells has bypassed some of these obstacles, showing higher gene expression.