Ciprofloxacin is a second generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic targeting a broad-spectrum of bacteria and mycoplasma. It is nalidixic acid analog and has few known resistant strains. Ciprofloxacin is also effective as a plant fungicide. Ciprofloxacin HCl is freely soluble in water. GoldBio also offers Ciprofloxacin, a purer form of the antibiotic which does not contain HCl, but is sparingly soluble in water.

GoldBio CJ236 chemically competent E. coli cells are ideally suited for use in the Kunkel method of mutagenesis. CJ236 cells have part of their Thymine replaced with deoxyuracil in the DNA due to dut- and ung- mutations which prevent the cells from removing uracil from DNA caused by misincorporation or dCTP deamination. CJ236 contains the F’ gene which confers Chloramphenicol resistance.

CJ236 chemically competent E. coli cells are free of animal-derived products and grown with animal-free media.

Kit Components

• Competent Cells
• 1 x 12 mL Recovery Media
• 1 x 10 µL Control Plasmid (pUC19 Control, 500 pg/µL)

GoldBio CJ236 Electrocompetent E. coli cells are ideally suited for use in the Kunkel method of mutagenesis. CJ236 cells have part of their Thymine replaced with deoxyuracil in the DNA due to dut- and ung- mutations which prevent the cells from removing uracil from DNA caused by misincorporation or dCTP deamination. CJ236 contains the F’ gene which confers Chloramphenicol resistance.

Kit Components

• Competent Cells
• 1 x 12 mL Recovery Media
• 1 x 10 µL Control Plasmid (pUC19 Control, 500 pg/µL)

Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is an acid-stable form of erythromycin. It is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Clarithromycin has been used to research cardiac transplant rejection and COPD inflammation markers. It is also an inhibitor and substrate for CYP3A4.

Clavulanic acid potassium (clavulanate potassium) is a β-lactamase inhibitor isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus, which irreversibly inactivates β-lactamase enzymes of β-lactam resistant organisms. This prevents these organisms from degrading β-lactam antibiotics. Clavulanic acid can be combined with antibiotics to increase their potency and is often combined with amoxicillin.

Clavulanic acid, lithium salt or lithium clavulanate is an irreversible inhibitor of β-lactamase class A enzymes, which target β-lactam antibiotics. Clavulanic acid, lithium salt has been shown operate more efficiently with ceftazidime and amoxicillin antibiotics. Research has also shown an increase in AmpC β-lactamase expression when lithium clavulanate was administered in vitro to Enterobacteriaceae.

Clavulanic acid, lithium salt potentiates antibiotic effects of penicillin binding protein (PBP) inhibitors by preventing their deconstruction. Effective inhibition of β-lactamases by this compound expand antibiotic duration and lethality, making it useful for susceptibility tests or bacterial selection.

Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic primarily targeting gram-positive bacteria. It is also against anaerobic bacteria and protozoans such as Toxoplasma species. Clindamycin binds the 50s ribosomal subunit preventing ribosomal translocation, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis. It has been shown to exhibit synergistic properties when combined with vancomycin.

Clofazimine is an active phenazine composed of an imino group and aromatic tricyclic heterocycles that is used as an antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer compound. It has been shown to be a potent in vivo antimycobacterial agent toward Mycobacterium leprae and in vitro to Mycobacterium avium.

As an anti-inflammatory, clofazimine inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation within neutrophils by inhibiting myeloperoxidase catalyzed reactions. The formed ROS are responsible for activating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 8 (IL8), which are inflammatory cytokines.

Clotrimazole is an antifungal that targets the cell membrane of a variety of fungi including Candida and Aspergillus. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol causing an increase in cell membrane permeability. Additionally, clotrimazole is an activator of MB67 and inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP51A1.

Cloxacillin sodium is a sodium salt formed from a chlorinated semisynthetic derivative of penicillin. It has been shown to exhibit significant bactericidal activity against penicillin G-resistant staphylococci.

Penicillins are a type of β-lactam antibiotic consisting of a four-membered β-lactam ring bound to a five-membered thiazolidine ring. This two-ring system causes distortion of the β-lactam amide bond, resulting in decreased resonance stabilization and increased reactivity. β-lactams inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links within bacterial cell walls by targeting penicillin-binding proteins or PBPs. Consequently, the bacterial cell wall becomes weak and cytolysis occurs. Resistance to β-lactam antibiotics occurs in the presence of cells containing plasmid encoded extended spectrum β-lactamases or ESBLs.

Antibiotics are often used in clinical in vitro tests known as antimicrobial susceptibility tests or ASTs to determine their efficacy against certain bacterial species. They are tested against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria using panels, discs, and MIC strips by medical microbiologists. ASTs decrease the risk of using an antibiotic against bacteria exhibiting resistance to it, and the results are used in clinical settings to determine which antibiotic(s) to prescribe for various infections.

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a polypeptide hormone whose actions appear to be restricted to the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neuronal populations. It was initially identified as a trophic factor for embryonic chick ciliary parasympathetic neurons in culture. The protein is also a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be relevant in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory attacks. In addition, CNTF is useful for treatment of motor neuron disease and it could reduce food intake without causing hunger or stress. CNTF is structurally related to IL6, IL11, LIF, and OSM. All of these four helix bundle cytokines share gp130 as a signal-transducing subunit in their receptor complexes.