Cytochrome C is a hemoprotein that is found in animal cells in the mitochondrial protein-lipid complex. Cytochrome C is extracted from porcine heart, and further purified by chromatographic method to remove contaminating proteases.

Cytochrome C is an important component in the electron transport chain of the mitochondria. Cytochrome C also plays a role in cellular oxidation and respiration.

This protein has a role in apoptosis pathways, as it is released from the mitochondria to indicate that the apoptosis process has begun.

D-Arabitol is the reduced alcohol form of D-arabinose. It is produced by some fungus from enzymatic dephosphorylation and reduction of D-ribulose-5-phosphate. D-arabitol is metabolized by a variety of different bacteria utilizing an arabitol dehydrogenase enzyme. The arabitol dehydrogenase gene has been introduced into plants to serve as a positive selection marker for transgenic cells.

Arginine is an essential amino acid found in food and plant sources, and many biological systems. D-Arginine specifically can inhibit arginine decarboxylase enzymes and also functions as a metabolite.

Biotin can be used in cell culture media for its involvement in a number of cellular processes including gluconeogenesis, synthesis of fatty acids, and amino acids isoleucine and valine.

D-Biotin, also known as vitamin H or coenzyme R is a water-soluble member of the B vitamins (B7).

D-Cellobiose is used to differentiate bacteria based on carbohydrate fermentation abilities. It is a β-glucosidase substrate.

D-Cycloserine is an amino acid analog antibiotic effective against a wide variety of bacteria. It is commonly used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is suitable for use as a selection agent in a variety of isolation methods. D-cycloserine inhibits a variety of enzymes, is a partial NMDA receptor agonist, and may improve memory and cognition.

D-Cysteine is the enantiomer of L-Cysteine and is not typically found in natural systems. D-Cysteine is typically used as a reagent for more complicated biological molecules like N-acetyl derivatives for inhibiting cell apoptosis. It can also be used as a metabolite that is not readily converted by enzymes like its more common enantiomer L-Cysteine.

D-Fructose 6-phosphate, disodium salt dihydrate is a glycolytic intermediate produced upon isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate. It may be used to characterize enzymes of the glycolytic pathway and differentiate between them.

D-Galactose is a monosaccharide sugar that serves as an energy source and glycosylation component. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose and often used as a source of carbon in culture media. Galactose is a component of the disaccharide lactose and released upon hydrolysis by β-galactosidase enzymes. It is converted to glucose via the Leloir pathway or metabolized via an alternative pathway, such as the DeLey-Doudoroff pathway.

D-Galactose is a monosaccharide sugar typically abbreviated Gal. This specific form of D-Galactose is derived from peach gum which is important when making recombinant proteins for therapeutic purposes in order to avoid animal diseases like Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy.