MES sodium salt is a buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a zwitterionic, morpholinic buffer that is useful for a pH range of 5.5 – 6.7 and commonly used for cell culture media, as a running buffer in electrophoresis, and for protein purification in chromatography. MES lacks the ability to form a complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions. MES is often used in buffered culture media for bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells. It is toxic towards plants at high concentrations, but can be used in culture media at lower concentrations for plants. Due to low ionic mobility, MES is regarded as an excellent buffer for use in capillary electrochromatography. MES is often employed as a substitute for the highly toxic cacodylate, as well as a substitute for the non-zwitterionic buffers citrate and malate. MES complexes with some organotin(IV) molecules that are being explored as antitumor agents.

MOPS is a buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a zwitterionic, morpholinic buffer that is useful for a pH range of 6.5 – 7.9 and commonly used for cell culture media, as a running buffer in electrophoresis, and for protein purification in chromatography. MOPS lacks the ability to form a complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions.

MOPS sodium salt is a buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a zwitterionic, morpholinic buffer that is useful for a pH range of 6.5 – 7.9 and commonly used for cell culture media, as a running buffer in electrophoresis and for protein purification in chromatography. MOPS lacks the ability to form a complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions. MOPS is often used in buffered culture media for bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells. MOPS is regarded as an excellent buffer for use in separating RNA in agarose gels. It is recommended to sterilize MOPS buffers by filtration rather than with autoclave due to the unknown identity of yellow degradation products that occur after sterilization of MOPS with autoclave. It is suitable for use in the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay.

MOPS sodium salt can be mixed with MOPS free acid to attain desired pH. Alternatively, MOPS free acid can be titrated with sodium hydroxide to attain desired pH.

MOPSO is a buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a zwitterionic, morpholinic buffer, structurally similar to MOPS, that is useful for a pH range of 6.2 – 7.6. It is commonly used for cell culture media, as a running buffer in electrophoresis, and for protein purification with chromatography. Due to low ionic mobility, MOPSO is regarded as an excellent buffer for use in capillary electrochromatography. MOPSO lacks the ability to form a complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions. It does form a complex with some organotin(IV) molecules that are being explored as antitumor agents. MOPSO also interacts with the peptide backbone of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to stabilize BSA against thermal denaturation.

MOPSO sodium salt is a zwitterionic buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a morpholinic buffer, structurally similar to MOPS, that is useful for a pH range of 6.2 – 7.6. It is commonly used for cell culture media, as a running buffer in electrophoresis, and for protein purification with chromatography. Due to low ionic mobility, MOPSO is regarded as an excellent buffer for use in capillary electrochromatography. MOPSO lacks the ability to form a complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions. It does form a complex with some organotin(IV) molecules that are being explored as antitumor agents. MOPSO also interacts with the peptide backbone of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to stabilize BSA against thermal denaturation.

PBS (phosphate buffered saline) is a common buffer solution used in the laboratory. It is an isotonic and non-toxic buffer that is meant to mimic the osmolarity and ion concentrations of the human body. PBS is used for immunoassays, for sample dilution, for protein purification, and as a wash buffer in cell cultures. PBS tablets are premeasured tablets for convenient preparation of 1X PBS solution at a pH of 7.3 – 7.5. PBS buffer contains 10mM phosphate buffer, 137mM sodium chloride, and 2.7mM potassium chloride.

PIPES is a buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a zwitterionic, piperazinic buffer that is useful for a pH range of 6.1 – 7.5. PIPES lacks the ability to form a significant complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions. PIPES has wide variety of applications and is commonly used in cell culture media, in protein crystallization, as a running buffer in gel electrophoresis, and as an eluent in isoelectric focusing and chromatography.

PIPES sesquisodium salt is a buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a zwitterionic, piperazinic buffer that is useful for a pH range of 6.1 – 7.5. PIPES lacks the ability to form a significant complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions. PIPES has wide variety of applications and is commonly used in cell culture media, in protein crystallization, as a running buffer in gel electrophoresis, and as an eluent in isoelectric focusing and chromatography. This buffer is capable of forming radicals and is therefore not suitable for redox reactions. It is suitable for use in the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay.

TAPS is a zwitterionic buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is part of the Tris family of buffers and is useful for a pH range of 7.7 – 9.1. TAPS is commonly used in capillary electrophoresis to analyze DNA and in planar chromatography to separate dyes. It is the preferred culture media buffer used for dinoflagellate experiments, allowing for minimal pH change and maximal growth. TAPS may form a complex with some common metals so stability constants and concentrations should be taken into account when choosing this buffer. TAPS is capable of inhibiting connexin channels in animal cells.

TES is a zwitterionic buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is part of the Tris family of buffers and has a pKa that is right at physiological pH (7.4) at 25°C, giving it a useful pH range of 6.8 – 8.2. It is used in various protein assays, in micellar electrokinetic chromatography and in Test Yolk Buffer medium. Like most neutral pH, amine-based buffers, TES forms a complex with DNA; it affects restriction enzymes kinetics more than HEPES, but less than Tris. It also forms a complex with Cu(II) ions. TES is capable of influencing mRNA expression and embryo development. It is suitable for use in the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay.

Tricine is a zwitterionic buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is part of the Tris family of buffers with a useful pH range of 7.4 – 8.8. Tricine is commonly used in SDS-PAGE to separate peptides that are in the molecular weight range of 1 to 100 kDa. It is also used in capillary zone electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. Tricine was determined to be the best buffer tested for use in ATP assays involving firefly luciferase. Tricine can serve as scavenger of hydroxyl radicals; this should be taken into consideration if using tricine in the presence of an enzyme with oxidase activity. Tricine forms a complex with Cu(II). The addition of Cu2+ to a solution enables tricine to be used in the Lowry protein assay. Tricine can be used as a substitute for protocols that utilize the controlled substance barbital as a buffer.

GoldBio Tris has the highest purity available on the market. Short for Tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (THAM), Tris is an organic compound often used in buffer solutions such as TAE or TBE for electrophoresis gels. Tris is highly soluble in water and is useful in the pH range 7.0-9.0 and is also used in the preparation of Laemmli buffer, one of the most common SDS-PAGE buffers. In addition, it can also be used for many custom running and loading buffers, most often with glycine and SDS.