L-Arabinose is an arabinose isomer widely found in nature, while D-arabinose is less common. L-Arabinose is a constituent of many biopolymers that make up plant cell walls.

This monosaccharide is often used in cell culture media, serving as a bacterial carbon source, and can be used to distinguish between bacteria based on their fermentation abilities.

L-Arabinose, in the absence of glucose, induces transcription of the ara operon in E. coli that encodes L-arabinose catabolizing enzymes. It does this by binding to the AraC protein and activating the PBAD promoter. The PBAD promoter is used in plasmid vectors as a switch for protein expression that can be turned on by L-arabinose or turned off by addition of glucose.

Imidazole is a planar 5-membered ring. It is a highly polar, highly water soluble amphoteric compound. Imidazole is often used to elute tagged proteins bound to metal ions attached to the surface of beads in a chromatography column by displacing the His-tag from the metal ion and freeing the His-tagged proteins.

Blasticidin S is an aminoacylnucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces griseochromogenes. It shows high efficacy against both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Aside from its antimicrobial properties, blasticidin has displayed antiviral, antitumor, and antifungal properties and has been used as a selection agent. It has been used to select for cells containing the bls, bsr, or BSD resistance gene as well as HEK293-T cells and HEK-D5 cells. Additionally, blasticidin is effective in preventing cell culture contamination and studying protein synthesis.

AEBSF is an irreversible serine protease inhibitor. AEBSF has been shown to inhibit trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin, kallikrein and thrombin. It inhibits the active site of the enzyme through acylation. As an alternative to PMSF and DFP, AEBSF offers lower toxicity, improved solubility in water and improved stability in aqueous solutions. AEBSF has been used in cell culture in concentrations of up to 0.25 mM. Aqueous solutions are stable between pH 5-6; limited stability above pH 7.5.

DNase I (Deoxyribonuclease I) is a dialyzed lyophilized powder from bovine pancreas that has been purified by chromatography.

Bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease (DNase) is an endonuclease which splits phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide yielding polynucleotides with a free hydroxyl group at the 3' position and phosphate group at the 5' position. The optimum pH is 7.8.

DNase I is activated by bivalent metals, and inhibited by chelating agents such as EDTA and SDS. DNase I can be stabilized against proteolytic digestion by 5 mM Ca2+.

Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule in vivo for energy storage and metabolism and is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP is a coenzyme in multiple reactions as well as a substrate for multiple kinases where it helps to propagate a signal either inside or outside of the cell.

The three phosphates in ATP can be correlated with ADP and AMP. ATP consists of three phosphate groups attached in series to the 5’carbon location, whereas ADP contains two phosphate groups attached to the 5’ position, and AMP contains only one phosphate group attached at the 5’ position.

Because of its charge properties and small size, glycine is commonly used as a counter-ion in SDS-PAGE applications to balance running buffer charge and electric field strength.

Guanidine HCl is a freely soluble chaotropic agent routinely used for protein denaturation and folding.

Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic targeting gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It also displays toxicity against certain eukaryotic cells. Tetracycline is used in multidrug resistance studies and in cell culture applications as a selective agent. Additionally, it promotes expression of the P450 proteins.

Cellulase R-10, also called Cellulase "Onozuka" R-10, is derived from Trichoderma Viride. Cellulase R-10 is a multi-enzymatic system consisting of various enzymes, including cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase and protease. Cellulase R-10 is typically used in association with macerozyme R-10 in the decomposition of plant cell walls to produce protoplasts.

Rifampicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic known for its efficacy against tuberculosis and other infections caused by Mycobacterium species. This semisynthetic antibiotic has also been shown to work against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), to activate nuclear pregnane x receptor (PXR), and to promote CYP2C-mediated metabolism.

Rifampicin functions by binding the β-subunit of RNA polymerase, inhibiting RNA synthesis. Resistance to this antibiotic develops from mutations on the binding site on RNA polymerase leading to a lower affinity for rifampicin.