Human parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH) is a hormone that is expressed in mammary glands, as well as cancer cells. Alternative splicing results in different length isoforms of PTHLH. It is involved in a diverse array of processes. PTHLH plays a key role during endochondral ossification by regulating chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. It also regulates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during development of mammary glands and teeth and interacts with dermal fibroblasts to modulate routine skin cell growth and maintenance. PTHLH is a ligand for the PTH1 receptor that is also affected by PTH. This particular product has been labeled with the stable 15N isotope to help track its activity.

Human parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH) is expressed in mammary glands as well as cancer cells. Alternative splicing results in different length isoforms of PTHLH. It is involved in a diverse array of processes. PTHLH plays a key role during endochondral ossification by regulating chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. It also regulates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during development of mammary glands and teeth and interacts with dermal fibroblasts to modulate routine skin cell growth and maintenance. PTHLH is a ligand for the PTH1 receptor that is also affected by PTH.

Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a heparin-binding protein, expression of which is developmentally regulated. It is expressed primarily in brain tissues, but is also expressed in lung, kidney, gut, and bone tissues and can be induced by PDGF. PTN is expressed in some tumor cells as well. PTN is involved in a diverse array of functions including mitogenesis, angiogenesis, tissue repair, and neurite outgrowth. It exhibits strong mitogenic activity towards hepatocytes and plays a role in liver regeneration. PTN binds to several different receptors including syndecan-3, PTP-zeta, and ALK. The nucleotide sequence of Human pleiotrophin is about 50% homologous to human midkine (MDK).

pUC19 Vector Plasmid is a compact, high-copy cloning vector with Ampicillin resistance and a versatile tool in molecular biology research. pUC19 has 2686 base pairs which harbor a 54 base-pair multiple cloning site (MCS) for efficient cloning with 13 unique restriction enzyme sites, offering flexibility and compatibility with a variety of experimental setups. It is identical to pUC18, except that their MCS are oriented opposite of each other.

Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic that causes early chain termination within the ribosome during translation. This inhibition of translation is effective in both in vivo and in vitro applications, making it an ideal tool for protein synthesis studies. While selection for E. coli cells is possible with puromycin, it is more commonly and effectively used for mammalian cell selection.

The growth of bacteria, protozoa, algae and mammalian cells is quickly halted by puromycin. However, cells with the pac gene have resistance. Its gene product is puromycin-N-acetyl-transferase which inactivates puromycin through acetylation.

Research has shown puromycin to be effective against certain tumors.

Putrescine attacks s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermidine. Spermidine, in turn, attacks another s-adenosyl methionine and converts it to spermine. Putrescine is synthesized in small quantities by healthy living cells by the action of ornithine decarboxylase. The polyamines, of which putrescine is one of the simplest, appear to be growth factors necessary for cell division.

Pyrazinamide is an anti-tubercular antibiotic. It is also used to study ways to prevent liver toxicity and in the formation of polymeric copper complexes.

Although the mechanism of action of pyrazinamide is not well understood, it is thought that upon entering a target cell, it is converted to pyrazinoic acid or POA. This conversion results in altered cellular permeability and decreased internal pH due to POA accumulation in the cytoplasm. This may inhibit fatty acid synthesis.

rac-1-Lauroylglycerol is a monoglyceride. It’s typically used as a surfactant and emulsifier in food applications, such as the extension of shelf life. In pharmacology it possesses antimicrobial and antiviral properties, believed to work by binding with the surface of viruses and bacteria and disrupting their outer envelopes. It does not seem to generate resistance in bacteria like some other antibiotics.

Rapamycin is a macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It has been shown to display anticancer activity such as induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis and proliferation in tumor cell lines. Rapamycin is also an immunosuppressant and FRAP inhibitor and inhibits lymphokine-induced cell proliferation.