Sorbose is a ketose belonging to the group of sugars known as monosaccharides. L-Sorbose is the configuration of the naturally-occurring sugar and has a sweetness equivalent to that of sucrose. L-Sorbose is often used as a starting reagent for the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid and forms a colorless, clear solution when dissolved in water.

L-Threonine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin is an AMC fluorgenic substrate.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid in the human diet. Its functions as a serotonin precursor have increased interest in its ability to treat depression and epilepsy; however, there has been inconclusive evidence in clinical trials regarding its efficacy in humans. Safety has also been a concern.

It is widely used in molecular genetics as an auxotrophic genetic marker in yeast gene disruption experiments.

L-Tyrosine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin is used as an AMC fluorogenic substrate.

Xylose is a sugar originally isolated from wood. Xylose is classified as a monosaccharide of the aldopentose type, which means that it contains five carbon atoms and includes a formyl functional group.

Lactitol is a disaccharide binding a beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol to produce the sugar alcohol also known as Lactitol. It’s derived from lactose, a product of disaccharide’s glucose being reduced. It has been used as a laxative agent, excipient, and low-calorie artificial sweetener. Other characteristics of Lactitol display antibiotic and prebiotic activity.

Studies have demonstrated Lactitol decreases cholesterol metabolism and can treat liver diseases like hepatic encephalopathy. This function arises from the management of ammonia in the blood following cirrhotic damage to the liver. Revertant bacteria and aberrant cells were not seen to increase with the administration of Lactitol as a therapeutic substance, suggesting no mutagenicity.

Further properties increased bifidobacteria and lactobacilli after Lactitol consumption. One survey also recorded PYY and GLP-1 levels rising with ingestion of Lactitol. In a study on fecal flora, low dosage of Lactitol did not change pH; it also had no effect on the colonization of necessary anaerobes, aerobes or Enterobacteriaceae. These results promote Lactitol’s probiotic qualities.

Lactobionic acid is a sugar acid formed from gluconic acid and galactose. It possesses antioxidant activity and is used in development of targeting drug delivery systems, such as silica nanoparticles. Lactobionic acid can be used as an iron chelator, making it useful as part of a solution for organ preservation.