Geniposide is a bioactive monosaccharide-derived molecule with a multitude of chemical identities including indoid glycoside, terpene glycoside and β-D-glucoside. It is also considered an enoate ester and cyclopentapyran. As a plant derivative glycoside, it has displayed medicinal properties in neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-proliferative functions.

Geniposide’s neuroprotective and antioxidant qualities have been attributed to its ability to regulate Nrf2 translocation, affecting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway expression of antioxidant protein HO-1. As an agonist to the GLP-1 receptor, it’s demonstrated inhibition of oxidative damage from PC12 cells.

It’s regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin signaling also links it to diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease studies. Geniposide has been observed to up-regulate β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), adversely reducing Aβ1-42 and ADAM10 levels. Geniposide research in correlation with formaldehyde has proved it to be an inhibitor of misfolding and aggregation of Tau protein and β amyloid protein, both characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease.

Glycocholic acid, sodium salt hydrate is an ionic biologic detergent formed through the conjugation of cholic acid with glycine. It is used to measure total bile acids through fluorometric and enzymatic assays. Additionally, it is used to study its effect on testosterone micelle formation and solubilization.

Histamine dihydrochloride is a hydrophilic amine compound derived through the decarboxylation of histidine by L-histidine decarboxylase. It is a substrate used to assay histamine-N-methyltransferase ion-pair extraction of histamine using HPLC. Additionally, histamine dihydrochloride activates nitric oxide synthase and inhibits formation of reactive oxygen species.

Isocorydine is an alkaloid isolated from plants. Isocorydine induces both PDCD4 and G2M apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma and also inhibits eukaryote protein kinases.

H-Ala-AMCTFA (L-Alanine 7-amido-4-methylcoumarin, trifluoroacetate salt) is a fluorogenic substrate for aminopeptidase that yields a blue fluorescent solution. This substrate is useful in differentiating between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

L-Histidinol dihydrochloride is a histamine precursor. It has been shown to reversibly inhibit protein synthesis.

Homocysteine is a cysteine homolog,and only differs by having an additional methylene bridge. It is often used in vitro as a reference to measure L-homocysteine in plasma in order to diagnose homocystinuria. This genetic disorder causes the body to be unable to process certain amino acids.

Higher levels of homocysteine found in the body is due to having vitamin B6 or B12 deficiencies. Finding higher levels may indicate possible cardiovascular disease; however, reducing the levels of homocysteine in the body does not appear to remedy the situation.

L-Rhamnose monohydrate is a deoxy sugar in plants and bacteria. It is a component of plant cell walls that helps maintain structure.

Lactitol is a disaccharide binding a beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol to produce the sugar alcohol also known as Lactitol. It’s derived from lactose, a product of disaccharide’s glucose being reduced. It has been used as a laxative agent, excipient, and low-calorie artificial sweetener. Other characteristics of Lactitol display antibiotic and prebiotic activity.

Studies have demonstrated Lactitol decreases cholesterol metabolism and can treat liver diseases like hepatic encephalopathy. This function arises from the management of ammonia in the blood following cirrhotic damage to the liver. Revertant bacteria and aberrant cells were not seen to increase with the administration of Lactitol as a therapeutic substance, suggesting no mutagenicity.

Further properties increased bifidobacteria and lactobacilli after Lactitol consumption. One survey also recorded PYY and GLP-1 levels rising with ingestion of Lactitol. In a study on fecal flora, low dosage of Lactitol did not change pH; it also had no effect on the colonization of necessary anaerobes, aerobes or Enterobacteriaceae. These results promote Lactitol’s probiotic qualities.

meso-Erythritol is a compound used in cell culture to differentiate bacteria based on carbohydrate fermentation ability. Erythritol may be a ligand for the T1R3 receptor and is a precursor to L-erythrulose. It is useful in supporting the carbon source growth requirement of Gluconobacter bacteria. It has also been used as a reference material in purification and analysis procedures developed to assay fermentation broths.