Colistin is a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic of the polymyxin family. It targets the cell membrane of bacteria, which ultimately leads to an altered cell permeability and cell death. It primarily targets gram-negative bacteria. Colistin has been used to study mannose-resistant haemagglutination, antibiotic resistance, and nephrotoxicity.

Colistin sulfate (colistin) is the end product of Colistin Sodium Methanesulfonate (CMS) and does not require molecular conversion for antimicrobial properties.

Reduced β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) plays a major role in metabolism as a cofactor in redox reactions and as a mobile electron carrier. NADH is a high energy compound that donates electrons to the electron transport chain to provide energy for ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation. NADH is a required oxidizing cosubstrate in fermentation, which regenerates NAD (Cat# N-030). NADH is fluorescent, which provides for a relatively simple way to detect NADH in biological samples. NADH is also used in enzyme cycling assays to detect relevant biological molecules in tissues.

MOPS sodium salt is a buffering agent used in biochemistry and molecular biology that was selected and described by Good et al. It is a zwitterionic, morpholinic buffer that is useful for a pH range of 6.5 – 7.9 and commonly used for cell culture media, as a running buffer in electrophoresis and for protein purification in chromatography. MOPS lacks the ability to form a complex with most metal ions and is recommended for use as a non-coordinating buffer in solutions with metal ions. MOPS is often used in buffered culture media for bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells. MOPS is regarded as an excellent buffer for use in separating RNA in agarose gels. It is recommended to sterilize MOPS buffers by filtration rather than with autoclave due to the unknown identity of yellow degradation products that occur after sterilization of MOPS with autoclave. It is suitable for use in the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay.

MOPS sodium salt can be mixed with MOPS free acid to attain desired pH. Alternatively, MOPS free acid can be titrated with sodium hydroxide to attain desired pH.

Trimethoprim is a bactericidal antibiotic effective against bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections, prostatitis, and cystitis. It is commonly combined with sulfamethoxazole to combat Staphylococcus aureus.

Kanamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus. It is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as Mycoplasma species. Kanamycin is commonly used to select for bacteria that have been transformed with a kanamycin-resistant gene and plant tissues that have the NPT II (APH3) gene incorporated in them. Kanamycin is very soluble in aqueous solution and is typically used in concentrations of 50-100 µg/ml.

ProBlock™ Gold mammalian protease inhibitor cocktail contains optimized concentrations of various mammalian protease inhibitors, which provide excellent inhibition of protease activities during protein purification from mammalian cells and tissues. The cocktail contains both reversible and irreversible protease inhibitors to inhibit serine, cysteine and specific inhibitors for mammalian proteases, such as aminopeptidases. A 1X concentration of ProBlock™ Gold Mammalian inhibits over 90% of protease activities.

Some proteins require divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+ or Mn2+) for their biological activity and the presence of chelating agents may be detrimental to the protein’s activity. Chelators, such as EDTA, inhibit the purification of proteins by immobilized metal affinity chromatography.

ProBlock™ Gold Mammalian is supplied with additional, optional EDTA and 1,10-Phenanthroline monohydrate which are provided for optimal inhibition of metalloproteases and may be added in the extraction buffer or lysate as needed.

During cell lysis and the extraction of DNA or RNA, denaturing enzymes such as DNase and RNase are released. To prevent DNA or RNA denaturation, the chaotropic agent, Guanadine thiocyanate is the preferred agent for use during cell lysis, and for DNA or RNA extraction. This is because of its strong ability to irreversibly inhibit the activity of DNase and RNase.

Guanadine thiocyanate has also been effective in deactivating enveloped viruses; however, it demonstrates far less effectiveness in nonenveloped viruses.

L-Rhamnose monohydrate is a deoxy sugar in plants and bacteria. It is a component of plant cell walls that helps maintain structure.

Amikacin sulfate (disulfate) is a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from kanamycin A. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a variety of enteric species. It is also effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Amikacin sulfate is freely soluble in aqueous solution.

Zeatin Riboside is the most active and ubiquitous form of the naturally occurring cytokinins. Cytokinins promote cell division, stimulate shoot proliferation, inhibit root formation, slow the aging process, and activate gene expression and metabolic activity in general. In mature plants, natural cytokinin hormone levels are high during maximum growth periods. Concentrations of cytokinin used for horticulture vary between 0.1 to 10 mg/L.

GelRed™ is an ultra-sensitive, extremely stable and environmentally safe fluorescent nucleic acid dye designed to replace the highly toxic ethidium bromide (EtBr) for staining dsDNA, ssDNA or RNA in agarose gels or polyacrylamide gels. GelRed™ is far more sensitive than EtBr without requiring a destaining step. GelRed™ and EtBr have virtually the same spectra, so you can directly replace EtBr with GelRed™ without changing your existing imaging system.

GelRed™ can be used to stain dsDNA, ssDNA or RNA in agarose gels via either precast or post gel staining or can be used to stain polyacrylamide gels via post gel staining. GelRed™ is also compatible with downstream DNA manipulations such as restriction digest, sequencing, and cloning.

A series of safety tests have confirmed that GelRed™ is noncytotoxic, nonmutagenic and nonhazardous at concentrations well above the working concentrations used in gel staining. As a result, GelRed™ can be safely disposed of down the drain or in regular trash, providing convenience and reducing cost in waste disposal.

GelRed™ 10,000X solution in DMSO is for established users of GelRed™ in DMSO who do not wish to change their laboratory protocols. For new users, we recommend GelRed™ 10,000X in water (catalog # G-725), which eliminates the hazards of handling DMSO for even better safety. The performance and stability of GelRed™ 10,000X is comparable in both the water and DMSO formulations.