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Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a polypeptide hormone whose actions appear to be restricted to the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neuronal populations. It was initially identified as a trophic factor for embryonic chick ciliary parasympathetic neurons in culture. The protein is also a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be relevant in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory attacks. In addition, CNTF is useful for treatment of motor neuron disease and it could reduce food intake without causing hunger or stress. CNTF is structurally related to IL6, IL11, LIF, and OSM. All of these four helix bundle cytokines share gp130 as a signal-transducing subunit in their receptor complexes.

Colony Stimulating Factor 1 (CSF1), previously called Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF), is a hematopoietic growth factor that is involved in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of monocytes, macrophages, and bone marrow progenitor cells. It is produced by osteoblasts (as a result of endocrine stimulation by parathyroid hormone), exerts paracrine effects on osteoclasts and can interact with CSF1R. CSF1 is a four α-helical bundle cytokine and its active form is found extracellularly as a disulfide-linked homodimer. Four transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been reported for CSF1 gene. Although forms may vary, all of them contain the N-terminal 150 amino acid portion that is necessary and sufficient for interaction with the receptor. The first 223 amino acid of mature human CSF1 shares 88%, 86%, 81% and 74% sequence identity with corresponding regions of dog, cow, mouse and rat CSF1, respectively. Human CSF1 is active in the mouse, but mouse CSF1 is reported to be species-specific.

Recombinant Murine Colony Stimulating Factor 1 (Macrophage) (CSF1), formerly called Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF), is a hematopoietic growth factor that is involved in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of monocytes, macrophages, and bone marrow progenitor cells. It is produced by osteoblasts (as a result of endocrine stimulation by parathyroid hormone) exerts paracrine effects on osteoclasts and can interact with CSF1R. CSF1 is a four α-helical bundle cytokine and its active form is found extracellularly as a disulfide-linked homodimer. Four transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been reported for CSF1 gene. Although forms may vary, all of them contain the N-terminal 150 amino acid portion that is necessary and sufficient for interaction with the receptor. The first 229 amino acids of mature mouse CSF1 shares 87%, 83%, 82% and 81% sequence identity with corresponding regions of rat, dog, cow and human CSF1, respectively. Human CSF1 is active in the mouse, but mouse CSF1 is reported to be species-specific.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

Recombinant Murine Colony Stimulating Factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage)
CSF2
GM-CSF, GMCSF
Molgramostin
MGI-1GM (Macrophage granulocyte inducer-1GM)

Colony Stimulating Factor 2 (GM-CSF) was initially characterized as a growth factor that can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. It is produced by a number of different cell types, including activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts, in response to cytokine or immune and inflammatory stimuli. On mature hematopoietic cells, CSF2 is a survival factor for and activates the effector functions of granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages and eosinophils. CSF2 promotes a Th1 biased immune response, angiogenesis, allergic inflammation and the development of autoimmunity. It shows clinical effectiveness in ameliorating chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, and CSF2 transfected tumor cells are utilized as cancer vaccines. Mature mouse CSF2 shares 49% - 54% amino acid sequence identity with canine, feline, human, and porcine CSF2 and 69% with rat CSF2. The activity of CSF2 is species specific between human and mouse. Mouse CSF2 is only weakly active on rat cells, although rat CSF2 is fully active on mouse cells.

Sterile Filtered White lyophilized powder. Purified and tested for use in cell culture.

Source: Escherichia coli

Colony Stimulating Factor 3 (CSF3), formerly called granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G­CSF), is a pleiotropic cytokine. It is mainly produced by monocytes and macrophages upon activation by endotoxin, TNF­α and IFN­γ. Many cell types secreted this protein after LPS, IL1 or TNF­α activation, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, astrocytes and bone marrow stromal cells. Various carcinoma cell lines and myeloblastic leukemia cells can express CSF3 constitutively. CSF3 is cytokine that acts in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes­macrophages. In addition, it may function in some adhesion or recognition events at the cell surface. The murine CSF3 cDNA encodes a 208 amino acid residue precursor protein containing a 30 amino acid residue signal peptide that is proteolytically cleaved to generate the 178 amino acid residue mature protein. Murine CSF3 is 73% identical at the amino acid level to human CSF3 and the two proteins show species cross­reactivity.

Murine CX3CL1 is a chemokine that is unlike most chemokines because it contains the C-X-X-X-C motif. It is expressed by neurons, endothelial cells, follicular dendritic cells, and some lymphocytes. Expression of CX3CL1 is induced by activation of the transcription factor NFKB1 through IFNG, IL1B, TNF, or LPS. CX3CL1 is chemotactic for T-cells and monocytes and plays a role in angiogenesis, as well as regulation of leukocyte traffic at the endothelium. It also functions as a survival factor for microglial cells. Knock-out mice lacking the CX3CL1 gene appear nearly indistinguishable from wild-type mice, except for a decrease in leukocytes expressing surface marker F4/80. CX3CL1 is a ligand for CX3CR1 as well as virus-encoded receptors M3 and US28.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

Murine CXCL1 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. First discovered in mouse fibroblasts, it is secreted by melanoma cells and expressed by neutrophils, monocytes, keratinocytes, macrophages, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. CXCL1 participates in chemotaxis and cell activation of neutrophils. CXCL1 inhibits embryonic oligodendrocyte precursor migration, suggesting a role in spinal cord development. It also plays a role in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. CXCL1 is believed to be the major inflammatory factor in recurrent herpetic stromal keratitis. CXCR2 is the receptor that CXCL1 binds.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CXCL10 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is closely related to CXCL9 and CXCL11, all three of which are ligands for CXCLR3. CXCL10 is expressed in and secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and other cell types after induction by IFNG. CXCL10 is chemotactic for monocytes and T-cell lymphocytes. It plays a role in angiostasis, inhibits bone marrow colony formation, and promotes T-cell adhesion to endothelial cells. CXCL10 also exhibits antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Knock-out mice have immune system abnormalities, including defective proliferation of T–cells, resulting in increased susceptibility to autoimmune disease and viral infections. Increased expression of CXCL10 and CXCR3 is associated with autoimmune myasthenia gravis.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It was first found in bone marrow stromal cells and is expressed in bone marrow stromal cells constitutively, as well as a wide variety of other cells with the exception of blood cells. CXCL12 acts as a ligand for CXCR4 and CXCR7. It is chemotactic for hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing CD34, mononuclear cells, and cerebellar granule cells. CXCL12 plays a role in lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract, and cerebellar development. CXCL12-alpha is one of six alternatively spliced isoforms of the CXCL12 gene. It is four amino acids shorter at the C-terminus than the canonical sequence, CXCL12-beta.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CXCL12 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It was first found in bone marrow stromal cells and is expressed in bone marrow stromal cells constitutively as well as a wide variety of cells with the exception of blood cells. CXCL12 acts as a ligand for CXCR4. It is chemotactic for hematopoietic progenitor cells expressing CD34, mononuclear cells, and cerebellar granule cells. CXCL12 plays a role in lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract, and cerebellar development. CXCL12-beta is one of six alternatively spliced isoforms of the CXCL12 gene and is used as the canonical sequence.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

Murine CXCL14 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is expressed constitutively in many normal tissues, including brain, lung, ovaries, kidneys, and muscle. CXCL14 is chemotactic for monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, activated NK cells, and B cells. It possesses tumor suppressing function in certain cancers possibly due to migrations of NK cells, inhibition of angiogenesis, and a reduction of settlement rate of tumor cells. However in contradiction, CXCL14 can induce tumor growth in other types of cancers. The effect on tumorigenesis may be changed through epigenetic silencing. CXCL14 is a natural antagonist for CXCR4 and inhibits CXCL12.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

Murine CXCL16 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is expressed by macrophages, monocytes, B-cells, and Schwann cells. Expression is induced by IFNG and TNF-α. CXCL16 is an integral membrane protein that is cleaved by ADAM10 to release the soluble active polypeptide into the extracellular space. The soluble protein is chemotactic for activated CD8 T-cells, induces calcium flux and regulates migration of T-cells. CXCL16 is a ligand for CXCR6, but also serves as a receptor for oxidized LDL and phosphadtidylserine.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CXCL2 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and expressed in a variety of other cells. Expression of CXCL2 is induced by IL1, TNF, and LPS. CXCL2 participates in chemotaxis of neutrophils, basophils, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and hematopoietic stem cells. It plays a role in wound healing, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and pathogenesis of airway remodeling in asthma. CXCL2 exhibits antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. CXCR2 is the receptor that CXCL2 binds. CXCL2 shares significant sequence amino acid homology with CXCL1.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

CXCL3 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and expressed in a variety of other cells. CXCR2 is the receptor that CXCL3 binds. CXCL3 participates in chemotaxis and cell activation of neutrophils. It plays a role in would healing, inflammation, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and pathogenesis of airway remodeling in asthma. CXCL3 has an effect on the differentiation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells, pushing them towards a myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-like phenotype. CXCL3 exhibits antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

Murine CXCL5 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is expressed in various epithelial cell lines alongside CXCL8 (IL8) and CXCL1 in response to stimulation by IL1 or TNF-alpha. It is downregulated by IFNG. CXCL5 is a ligand for CXCR2 and CXCR1. It is a chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils, and plays a role in angiogenesis and inflammation, as well as the metastasis of various cancers. It also blocks insulin signaling by activating the JAK2/STAT5/SOCS2 pathway. Murine CXCL5 is an ortholog of human CXCL6 and is a more potent chemoattractant than human CXCL5 or CXCL6 on human neutrophils. The truncated forms of CXCL5 have been reported as being much more potent than the full length polypeptide.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

Murine CXCL5 is an ELR type of CXC chemokine. It is expressed in various epithelial cell lines alongside CXCL8 (IL8) and CXCL1 in response to stimulation by IL1 or TNF-alpha. It is downregulated by IFNG. Murine CXCL5 is a ligand for Murine CXCR2 and CXCR1. It is a chemoattractant and activator of neutrophils, and plays a role in angiogenesis and inflammation, as well as the metastasis of various cancers. It also blocks insulin signaling by activating the JAK2/STAT5/SOCS2 pathway. Murine CXCL5 is an ortholog of human CXCL6 and is a more potent chemoattractant than human CXCL5 or CXCL6 on human neutrophils.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

Murine CXCL9 is a CXC chemokine lacking the ELR motif. It is expressed in and secreted by macrophages, epithelial cells, and other cell types after induction by IFNG. It is chemotactic for stimulated T lymphocytes and plays a role in angiostasis, inhibition of neovascularization, inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor cells, and T-cell activation. CXCL9 is most closely related to CXCL10 and CXCL11, all three of which are ligands for CXCLR3. CXCL9 exhibits antimicrobial activity and even after degradation by speB from S. pyogenes, it retains such activity.

GoldBio growth factors are manufactured for RESEARCH USE ONLY and cannot be sold for human consumption!

D-Mannoheptulose is a natural, seven-carbon monosaccharide found in avocado fruits. It behaves as a competitive inhibitor of hexokinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates hexoses such as glucose. The inhibition of hexokinase leads to the prevention of glycolysis.

Extensive research has reported that using D-mannoheptulose to interfere with hexokinases ultimately inhibits the synthesis and release of insulin. This has had a significant impact on studies involving diabetes and anti-aging.

D-Mannose is an aldohexose carbohydrate used to study the effects of mannose on processes such as glycosylation. It can also be used as an alternative biological energy source. D-mannose has been used to study bronchiolitis obliterans after lung transplantation

D-Melezitose hydrate is a carbon substrate used to analyze identification of indole-positive and indole-negative Klebsiella species. It is also used to study epidemiologic markers of Klebsiella oxytoca strains.